hebrew #8674 - תַּתְּנַי Tattenay

Strong's Exhaustive Concordance

Of foreign derivation; Tattenai, a Persian -- Tatnai.

Englishman's Concordance

Brown-Driver-Briggs

א

ב

ב, בּ, Bêth, 2nd letter; post Biblical Hebrew=numeral 2 (and so in margin of printed MT); ב֟=2000; no evidence of this usage in OT times.

I. בְּ,

preposition in (Moabite בּ, Syriac , Arabic , Ethiopic ) before tone-syllables in certain cases (Ges^{§ 102}. 2) בָּ, with suffix בִּי; בְּךָ (Ex 7:29; 2 Samuel 22:30; Psalm 141:8בְּכָה), in pause and feminine בָּךְ; בּוֺ (once, Jeremiah 17:24 Kt בֹּה), בָּהּ; בָּנוּ; בָּכֶם, [בָּכֶן]; בָּהֶם, בָּם [also בָּהֵ֫מָּהExodus 30:4; Exodus 36:1; Habakkuk 1:16], בָּהֶן1 Samuel 31:7; Isaiah 38:16; Ezekiel 42:14 [15 times בָּהֵן (Fr^{MM 235}), and thrice, Leviticus 5:22; Numbers 13:19; Jeremiah 5:17, בָּהֵ֫נָּה]. Preposition denoting properly in, Greek ἐν, but applied in many derived and figurative significations. The senses expressed by בְּ are grouped by the Rabbis in three classes, בֵּית הַכְּלִיBeth vasculi, בֵּית הַדִּיבִּוּק וְהַנְּגִיעָהBeth coniunctionis et viciniae, בֵּית הָעֵזֶרBeth auxilii; and the same arrangement may be followed here, though the limits between the three classes are not clearly defined, and they sometimes overlap one another.

I.In:

1 strictly, of position in a place (which often is expressed more precisely by בְּקֶרֶב, בְּתוֺךְ), as בַּבַּיִתin the house, בָּעִירin the city, בַּדּוּדin the pot, בָּאָרֶץin the land, etc. constantly. Hebrew idiom also says בָּהָרin the mountain Exodus 24:18 etc., even in cases where we could hardly avoid saying on, as 1 Kings 11:7; 1 Kings 19:11: so בְּחֹרֵבDeuteronomy 1:16 and elsewhere; בְּראֹשׁ הָהָרExodus 24:17; Psalm 72:16. Preceded by a verb of motion (especially עָבַר) בְּ=through, as Genesis 12:6 and Abram passed through בָּאָרֶץin the land=passed through it, Genesis 13:17; 2 Samuel 24:2 +; in (=through) a gate, Isaiah 62:10; Jeremiah 17:19; Micah 2:13. Figurative to speak בְּאָזְנֵיin the ears of ...; to be good (or evil, etc.) בְּעֵינֵיin the eyes of ...

2 of presence in the midst of a multitude, among, Exodus 14:28 there was not left בָּהֶםamong them even one, Leviticus 26:36; 2 Samuel 15:31 Ahitophel בַּקֹּשְׁרִים is among the conspirators, 2 Kings 18:5בְּכֹל מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה. So בְּךָin thee (of Israel, collective) Deuteronomy 7:14; Deuteronomy 15:4,7; Deuteronomy 18:10; Deuteronomy 23:11; Deuteronomy 28:54 (different from עִמָּ֑חbeside thee Leviticus 25:35). — Specifically

a. of an individual, implying eminency among: Joshua 14:15; Jeremiah 46:18 Tabor among the mountains, Jeremiah 49:15; Proverbs 30:30; Songs 1:8הַיָּפָה בַנָּשִׁים the fair one (=the fairest) among women, Lamentations 1:1: compare Luke 1:42. On 1 Samuel 17:12 see Dr.

b. hence with some verbs, when the action refers to only a part of the object, as הִכָּהַ בְּ to smite among... i.e. to smite some of... (different from הִכָּה with accusative); הָרַג בְּPsalm 78:31; נָשָׂא בְּ to bear in, i.e. to share in bearing, Numbers 11:17 and elsewhere; בָּנָה בְּ to build in or atZechariah 6:15; Nehemiah 4:4; עָשָׂה בְּExodus 5:9; עָמֵל בְּ to labour onJonah 4:10; אָכַל בְּ, שָׁתָה בְּ to eat or drink ofJudges 13:16; Proverbs 9:5; חָלַק בְּ to give a share inJob 39:17.

c. specifying the parts of which a whole consists (especially in P) Genesis 7:21; Genesis 8:17; Genesis 9:10,16; Genesis 17:23; Exodus 12:19; Numbers 31:11,26; Hosea 4:3.

3 with reference to the limits enclosing a space, within:Exodus 20:10בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָwithin thy gates, Isaiah 56:5בְּחוֺמוֺתַיwithin my walls.

4 often pregn. with verbs of motion, when the movement to a place results in rest in it, into: after בָּאGenesis 19:8; Isaiah 19:23; נָתַןGenesis 27:17; שָׁלַחto sendLeviticus 16:22; in amongJoshua 23:7,12; 1 Kings 11:2. — Hosea 12:7 (an extreme case) שׁוּב בְּ to return (and rest) in thy God, 1 Samuel 16:3 (unless לַזָּבַ֑ח should be read, as 1 Samuel 16:7). — עַיִן בְּעַיִן (with) eye (looking) into eye Numbers 14:14; Isaiah 52:8; מָּנִים בְּפָנִיםDeuteronomy 5:4; בְּ׳עֵינֵי פְ the eyes of ... are upon, both in favourable (Deuteronomy 11:12; Psalm 101:6) and hostile (Amos 9:8; Job 7:8) sense.

5 applied to time, as Genesis 1:1בְּרֵאשִׁיתin the beginning; Genesis 2:2בַּיּוֺם הַשְּׁבִיעִיon the seventh day; Judges 10:8בַּשָּׁנָה הַהִיאin that year; & constantly.

6 of a state or condition, whether material or mental, in which an action takes place: so often, בְּשָׁלוֺםin peace Genesis 15:15; בַּצָּרָהin distress Psalm 91:15; הָלַךְ בְּתֻמּוֺ to walk in his integrity; Exodus 5:19בְּרָעin evil case.

7בְּ introduces the predicate, denoting it as that in which the subject consists, or in which it shews itself (the Beth essentiae, — common in Arabic, especially with a participle or adjective and in a negative sentence: Qor 2:79 and God (appears) not as one remiss; 2:7 and they are not believers [compare French en — en honnête homme]; see W^{AG ii. § 56 a}): namely

a. a primary predicate, Exodus 18:4 the God of my fathers בְּעֶזְרִי was my help, Psalm 146:5; Hosea 13:9 (read כִּי מִי בְעֶזְֶ˜רךָ׃ with ᵐ5ᵑ6 Che and others); Psalm 68:5בְּיָהּ שְׁמוֺ his name consists in Yah, Job 23:13; Job 37:10. With the predicate in the plural (as plural of majesty) Psalm 118:7בְּעֹזְרָ֑י׳י J. is my great helper, Psalm 54:6 (see Che), Judges 11:35.

b. a secondary predicate, Exodus 6:3 and I appeared unto them בְּאֵל שַׁדָּ֑יas God Almighty, Numbers 26:53בְּנַחֲלָהas an inheritance, Numbers 34:2; Ezekiel 46:16; Ezekiel 47:14; Deuteronomy 10:22; Deuteronomy 26:14 I have not put away therefrom בְּטָמֵאas one unclean=while unclean, Deuteronomy 28:62; Isaiah 40:10בְּחָזָק יָבוֺא he cometh as a strong one, Psalm 35:2 (where see De) and rise up as my help, Psalm 35:16, Psalm 39:7; Psalm 55:19; Proverbs 3:26; Job 36:32 (De).

c. a predicate as accusative, Isaiah 48:10 I have refined thee וְלֹא בְכָ֑סֶף but not as though silver, Ezekiel 20:41; Numbers 18:26; Numbers 36:2; Joshua 13:6,7; Joshua 23:4; Ezekiel 45:1; Ezekiel 47:22 (twice in verse) (read יַמִּלוּ) Ezekiel 48:29 (see ᵐ5 Co) all בְּנַחֲלָה (compare

b.), Psalm 78:55 & allotted it בְּחֶבֶל נַחֲלָהas a line of inheritance (i.e. as a measured inheritance). Isaiah 26:4׳כִּי בְּיָהּ יהוה צוּר עוֺלָמִים י is different — for in Yah there is a rock of ages (compare Qor 4:7; 4:47 there is sufficiency in God as a patron).

d. in comparisons, Psalm 37:20 consume away בֶּעָשָׁןin the form of, as, smoke Psalm 78:33; Psalm 102:4; Job 34:36; Job 36:14.

II. Denoting proximity —

1at, by (not very common): 1 Samuel 29:1בָּעַיִןby the spring; Ezekiel 10:15,20 בִּנְהַר כְּבָרby the river Chebar (Ezekiel 1:3 עַל).

2on:Genesis 8:20; Numbers 23:2בַּמִּזְבֵּחַon the altar; Judges 8:21on the necks of the camels; 1 Kings 2:5 and elsewhere בְּמָתְנָיוon his loins; Isaiah 59:17 a helmet בְּראֹשׁוֺon his head.

3 often with verbs of touching, approaching, taking hold of, cleaving, etc., as אָחַז, דָּבֵק, חָשַׁק, נָגַע, נָגַשׁ, קָרַב, מָּגַּע, תָּמַךְ, תָּפַשׂ (see these words).

4 with words expressing or implying an act of hostility —

a.against:Genesis 16:12יָדוֺ בַכֹּל וְיַד כֹּל בּוֺ his hand against all, and the hand of all against him; בּ׳הָֽיְתָה יַד מְּDeuteronomy 13:10; 1 Samuel 5:9; 1 Samuel 18:17 verbs (q. v.) of fighting (נִלְחַם, רִיב), going up to invade (עָלָה), being angry (הִתְעַבֵּר, אָנַף, חָרָה אַף), sinning or acting treacherously (חָטָא, בָּגַד, מָרַד, מָרָה, מָעַל, מָּשַׁע, שִׁקֵּר, כִּזֵּב, כִּחֵשׁ), testifying (עָנָה, הֵעִיד), mocking (הִלְעִיג, הֵתֵל), feeling loathing (קוּץ), rebuking (גָּעַר: properly to protest loudly), speaking (דִּבֶּר: Numbers 12:8b), etc., & even (an extreme case) Hosea 7:14יָסוּרוּ בִי they turn aside (so as to be) against me. In a weaker sense מַשְׁתִּין בַּקִּיר mingens ad parietem 1 Samuel 25:22 and elsewhere

b.down to, upon (super with accusative), especially in such phrases as דָּמָיו בּוֺLeviticus 20:9 and elsewhere his blood be upon him; דָּמוֺ בְראֹשׁוֺ his blood be upon his head Joshua 2:19; ) בְּראֹשׁוֺ׳שׁוּב (הֵשִׁיב יJudges 8:57 (רָעָה), 1 Kings 2:33 (דָּם), 1 Kings 2:44 (רָעָה), Psalm 7:17 (עֲמָלוֺ); ׳בְּראֹשׁוֺ נָתַן דֶּרֶךְ מּ1 Kings 8:32 & often in Ezekiel, as Ezekiel 9:10; Ezekiel 11:21.

III. 1.With —

a. of accompaniment: Numbers 20:20בְּעַם כָּבֵדwith much people, Joshua 22:8; Judges 11:34; 1 Kings 10:2; 2 Kings 5:9; Jeremiah 41:15; Exodus 21:22 and he shall give בִּפְלִלִיםwith arbitrators (arbitrators being employed), Isaiah 8:16בְּלִמֻּדָֽי׃with my disciples, i.e. having them present; Exodus 8:1; Exodus 8:13; Jeremiah 11:19עֵץ בְּלַחְמוֺ a tree with its sap; 1 Kings 19:19וְהוּא בִּשְׁנֵים הֶעָשָׂר and he with the 12th.

b. often of what one takes or brings with one: Genesis 32:11בְּמַקְלִיwith my staff I passed over Jordan, Judges 11:34; Judges 15:1; 1 Samuel 1:24; Isaiah 7:24; Micah 6:6 and elsewhere קִדֵּם בְּ to go to meet with; בָּא בְּ to come withLeviticus 16:3; Psalm 66:13; Psalm 71:16. (In Arabic this usage is developed more fully than in Hebrew, and literally to come with, literally to go away with, are used idiomatically in the sense of to bring, and to take away respectively: W^{AG ii. § 56 b}.) Hence בְּאֵין, בְּאֶפֶס, בִּבְלִי, בְּלֹא=without.

c. of concomitant (or surrounding) conditions, as בְּחִמָּזוֺןwith (or in) haste; בְּצֶדֶקwith (or in) righteousness; בִּשְׁגָגָהin error; בִּתְרוּעָה וּבְקוֺל שׁוֺפָר2 Samuel 6:15; often in such phrases as בְּצִדְקָֽתְךָPsalm 31:2in thy righteousness; בְּחַסְדְּךָin thy mercy Exodus 15:13; — בְּאָשְׁרִיwith my happiness!=happy am I Genesis 30:13; Psalm 29:4 the voice of ׳י is בַּכֹּחַwith power=is powerful; Exodus 32:12בְּרָעָהwith evil purpose; Psalm 73:8בְרָעin wickedness; Psalm 90:10בִּגְבוּרֹתwith strength.

2 of the instrument or means: as

a.בַּחֶרֶבwith the sword Exodus 5:3 etc.; בְּרַגְלַיִםwith the feet Isaiah 28:3; . . . בְּיַדby the hand of ... (see below יָד); to stone בְּאֶבֶן or בָּֽאֲבָנִיםwith stones Leviticus 20:2; Numbers 14:10 etc.; שָׁתָה בְּ to drink with a cup Genesis 44:5; Amos 6:6 (compare in Aramaic Daniel 5:2); to cry בְּגָרוֺןwith the throat Isaiah 58:1; to burn בָּאֵשׁin or with fire (often); to slay or to perish בָּרָעָבthrough hunger or בַּדֶּבֶרthrough pestilence Exodus 16:3; Jeremiah 21:9 + often (compare Job 27:15בַּמָּוֶת יִקָּבֵ֑רוּ); to save with or byJudges 7:7; 1 Samuel 14:6.

b. idiomatic, with certain verbs, as שָׁחַק בְּ to play withJob 40:29; עָבַד בְּ to labour with a person (as with an instrument), i.e. to use him as a slave Exodus 1:14; Jeremiah 22:13; Jeremiah 27:7 and elsewhere; עָשָׂה בְּJeremiah 18:23; Nehemiah 9:24; Daniel 11:7; Esther 1:15; Esther 2:11; Esther 3:11; Esther 6:6; & perhaps דִּבֶּר בְּ (of God) to speak with one Numbers 12:2,8a and elsewhere (see Ew^{§ 217 f.} (3); Dr^{Sm ii. 23, 2}). Further בַּבַּעַל, הִתְנַבֵּא ביהוה to prophesy with or by׳י or Baal, ׳י or Baal being the inspirer; שָׁאַל בְּ, דָּרַשׁ to inquire or ask by means of a god (or oracle).

c.ביהוהthrough׳י (=by His aid) in many connections, as Psalm 18:30; Psalm 44:6; Psalm 56:5; Psalm 56:11; Psalm 60:14; Isaiah 26:13; Isaiah 45:25; Hosea 1:7; Zechariah 10:12; with passive verbs Deuteronomy 33:29; Isaiah 45:17 (to be saved): and even of the immediate cause Numbers 36:2 to be commanded ביהוה by ׳י, Genesis 9:6בָּאָדָםby man shall his blood be shed (both unusual), Hosea 14:4.

d. allied is the use of בְּ in such phrases as to bless, swear, speak, prophesy, etc., בְּשֵׁםin the name of ... (i.e. the name being used or appealed to in the act) Deuteronomy 6:13; Jeremiah 11:21, etc. (so to swear ביהוה by ׳יJoshua 2:12 etc.,בִּימִינוֺIsaiah 62:8; to bless בְּךָwith theeGenesis 48:20, to swear with mePsalm 102:9, i.e. using my name in oath, Jeremiah 29:22); almost=in the authority and power of 1 Samuel 17:45; 1 Samuel 25:5; 1 Kings 21:8; Micah 4:5; Zechariah 10:12; Psalm 20:6; Psalm 44:6; Psalm 89:25.

e.בַּמָּה or בַּמֶּהby means of what? how?Genesis 15:8; Judges 6:15; Judges 16:5,6,10; 1 Kings 22:21; Malachi 2:17. בְּזֹאתby means of thisGenesis 42:15,33. Exodus 7:17; Numbers 16:28; with this=on this conditionGenesis 34:15,22; 1 Samuel 11:2; Isaiah 27:9.

3 of cost or price (the Beth pretii), the price, whether given or received, being treated as the instrumental means by which the act is accomplished, with, for, at the cost of: thus regularly

a. with שָׂכַרhireGenesis 30:16, מָּדָהredeemExodus 34:20, אֵרֵשׂbetroth2 Samuel 3:14, קָנָהbuy2 Samuel 24:24; 1 Kings 2:23בְּנַפְשׁוֺat the cost of his life hath A. spoken this word, 2 Samuel 23:17 who went בְּנַפְשׂוֺתָםat peril of their lives, Proverbs 7:23; Lamentations 5:9; Joshua 6:26בִּבְכֹרוֺ יְיַסְּדֶנָּהat the price of his firstborn shall he lay its foundations, 1 Chronicles 12:19בְּרָאשֵׁינוּto the jeopardy of our heads he will fall away, etc.

b. with מָכַרsellDeuteronomy 21:14; עָבַדserveGenesis 29:18,20; Hosea 12:13; הֵמִירexchangeLeviticus 27:10; Hosea 4:7 their glory I will exchange for ignominy, Psalm 106:20; נָתַן בְּנֶשֶׁךְ to give for interest Leviticus 25:37; Psalm 15:5; in other connections Genesis 23:9; Genesis 47:16f.; Isaiah 45:13; Lamentations 1:11; Cant 8:7; 8:11; Deuteronomy 19:21נֶפֶשׁ בְּנֶפֶשׁ עַיִן בְּעַיִן life for life, eye for eye; Isaiah 2:22בַּמֶּה נֶחְשָׁב הוּאat what is he to be accounted? Isaiah 7:23 a thousand vines בְּאֶלֶף כָּ֑סֶףat a thousand (shekels of) silver. — Hence (perhaps) the idiomatic usages שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה year for year, one year like another, annually Deuteronomy 15:20 and elsewhere; יוֺם בְּיוֺם (late), כְּיוֺם בְּיוֺם1 Samuel 18:10; כְּפַעַם בְּפַעַם (see יוֺם, מַּעַם); חֹדֶשׁ בְּחֹדֶשׁ1 Chronicles 27:1.

4 rather peculiarly, in certain cases where the object of an action may be treated as the instrument by which it is accomplished: as הֵנַיעַ בְּראֹשׁ to shake with the head Jeremiah 18:6; Job 16:4 (as well as הֵנִיעַ ראֹשׁPsalm 22:8); to open with the mouth Job 16:10, with the lips Psalm 22:8; to gnash with the teeth Job 16:9 (to gnash the teeth Psalm 35:16); to wink with the eye Proverbs 6:13 (to wink the eye, ib.Proverbs 10:10); נָתַן בְּקוֺל to utter with the voice Psalm 46:7; Psalm 68:34; Jeremiah 12:8 (but נָתַן קוֺל is more common); to stretch out with the hand Lamentations 1:17; הֵרִים בַּמַּטֶּה (unusual) Exodus 7:20. So קָרָא בְּשֵׁם to call with the name — in different senses, according to the context, namely, to proclaimExodus 33:19; Exodus 34:5; Isaiah 44:5; Psalm 49:12; to invokeGenesis 4:26; Genesis 12:8; 1 Kings 18:24-26Isaiah 12:4; to name honourablyIsaiah 43:1; Isaiah 45:3. compare Ew^{§ 282 d} Ges^{§ 119}. 3 b R. W^{AG ii. § 56 b}β De^{Job 31:12}; Proverbs 20:30.

5 with a causal force, through, on account of:Genesis 18:28הֲתַשְׁחִית בַּחֲמִשָּׁה wilt thou destroy on account of five the whole city? Leviticus 26:39; Numbers 16:26; Deuteronomy 9:4,5; Deuteronomy 24:16אִישׁ בְּחֶטְאוֺ יוּמָֽתוּ׃ they shall be put to death, each because of his own sin (compare Jeremiah 31:30; Ezekiel 3:18, see Ezekiel 18:17) 2 Samuel 3:27; 2 Samuel 14:7 (compare Jonah 1:14) Isaiah 7:4 ("" מִן) Isaiah 28:7 ("" מִן) Isaiah 50:1; Isaiah 53:5; Isaiah 57:17; Jeremiah 51:46; Psalm 5:8; Psalm 5:11; Psalm 6:8 ("" מִן) Psalm 31:10; Psalm 32:3; Psalm 42:10; Psalm 90:9; Psalm 94:23. So in בַּאֲשֶׁר, בִּגְלַל (see אֲשֶׁר, גָּלָל), & (sometimes) in בִּדְבַרat, through, the word of ....

6 of the material with which a work is wrought, both absolute עָשָׁה בַזָּהָב to work with gold Exodus 31:4; 1 Kings 7:14; and to make a thing with (in our idiom, of) gold Exodus 38:8; Ezekiel 7:20; 1 Kings 15:22 (בָּנָה). Without a verb Leviticus 13:52; 2Chronicles 9:18.

7with for although, in spite of (compare German bei alle dem): Leviticus 26:27; Numbers 14:11בְּכֹל הָאֹתוֺתin spite of all the signs that I have wrought, Deuteronomy 1:32; Isaiah 47:9; Psalm 27:3; especially in the phrase בְּכָלזֿאתfor all this Isaiah 5:25; Isaiah 9:11; Isaiah 9:16; Isaiah 9:20; Isaiah 10:4; Psalm 78:32 and elsewhere (compare in Arabic Qor 9:25.)

8 of a standard of measurement or computation, with, by:Exodus 12:4בְּמִכְסַת נְפָשֹׁתby the computation of souls; Leviticus 5:25 and elsewhere בְּעֶרְכְּךָby thy reckoning; Ezekiel 4:10; בְּמִסְמָּרby number Deuteronomy 25:2 +; . . . בְּמִסְמַּרby the number of ... Leviticus 25:15,50; Numbers 1:2, etc.; בְּשֶׁקֶל הַקֹּדֶשׁExodus 30:13 and elsewhere (in P); בָּאַמָּה often (see אַמָּה); Deuteronomy 3:11בְּאַמַּת אִישׁby the cubit of a man; 2 Samuel 14:26בְּאֶבֶן הַמֶּלֶךְ. Of a model, Genesis 1:26בְּצַלְמֵנוּin our image, Genesis 5:1,3; Exodus 25:40; בְּדֶרֶךְwith the way (=in the manner) of ... Isaiah 10:24,26; Amos 4:10.

IV.בְּ is used also with certain classes of verbs, though the explanation of its use may be sometimes doubtful: namely

a. with verbs of taking refuge, trusting, relying, as הֶאֱמִין, בָּטַח, חָסָה, נִשְׁעַן.

b. with verbs of ruling, governing, restraining, as מָלַךְ, מָשַׁל, נָגַשׂ, עָצַר, רָדָה, שָׁלַט.

c. with verbs of rejoicing, feeling pleasure or satisfaction, etc., as גִּיל, עָלַץ, שׂוּשׂ, שָׂמֵחַ, חָפֵץ, רָצָה, שָׂבַע (but with this verb מִן is more common). [Probably a case of

III. 5.]

d. with verbs expressive of sensible perception, to denote the pleasurable or attentive exercise of the faculty concerned, as שָׁמַע בְּ to listen to, הִבִּיט בְּ, רָאָה, חָזָה, to look upon, הֵרִיחַ בְּ to smell at (see these words).

e. occasionally also with verbs of speaking, thinking, mentioning, knowing, to denote the object of the action, as דִּבֶּר בְּ to speak aboutDeuteronomy 6:7; Psalm 87:3 and elsewhere (see below דִּבֶּר); הִלֵּל בְּ, הָגָה, שִׂיחַPsalm 44:9; Psalm 63:7; Psalm 69:13; יָדַעJeremiah 38:24; זָכַר once Jeremiah 3:16, הִזְכִּיר often; Psalm 71:6בְּךָ תְהִלָּתִיof thee is my praise.

V. Followed by an infinitive with, בְּ forms a periphrasis for the gerund, though in English it is commonly to be rendered by a verb and conjunction, namely: —

1 as a temporal conjunction, as Genesis 2:4בְּהִבָּֽרְאָםin their being created=when they were created, Genesis 4:8בִּהְיוֺתָםin their being (=when they were) in the field; and constantly. Sometimes it has in appearance the force of after that, as Genesis 33:18; Exodus 3:12; Exodus 13:17; but as a rule this is really due to the action denoted by the infinitive being treated as extending over a period within which the action of the principal verb takes place: so especially in the phrase בְּצֵאת יִשְׂרָאֵלמִמִּצְרַיִם, even of events at the close of the 40 years, Deuteronomy 4:45; Deuteronomy 23:5; Joshua 5:4, the whole period being treated as that in which Egypt was left (compare 2 Kings 2:1, where the time included is future). Cases, however, occur in which this explanation will hardly apply, as Deuteronomy 27:4; Deuteronomy 24:12.

2 as a causal conjunction (compare above

III. 5), as Genesis 19:16׳בְּחֶמְלַת יעָלָיוthrough J.'s having compassion upon him, Exodus 16:7; Exodus 33:16; Exodus 34:29; Deuteronomy 1:27אֹתָנוּ׳בְּשִׂנְאַת יthrough J.'s hating us, etc. (Deuteronomy 9:28 similarly מִן), 1 Kings 18:18 (=in that ye have ...) Ezekiel 9:8; Ezekiel 43:8; Ezekiel 44:7; 2Chronicles 28:6.

3 as a concessive conjunction, when=though:Isaiah 1:15; Psalm 46:3בְּהָמִיר אָ֑רֶץthough the earth do change.

Note. — Exodus 10:12בָּאַרְבֶּה can only be rendered 'with the locusts,' the locusts being conceived as implicit in Moses' uplifted hand: but probably לָאַרְבֶּה should be read. Thrice in late Hebrew בְּ is used peculiarly: 1 Chronicles 7:23 for with misfortune was it in his house (בְּרָעָה chosen for the purpose of explaining בְּרִיעָה); 1 Chronicles 9:33עֲלֵיהֶם בַּמְּלָאכָה it devolved upon them with the work; Ezra 3:3 for with terror (was it) upon them from the peoples of the countries (the sentence without a verb as often in Chronicles: Dr^{Intr. 504 f.}): compare Ezra 8:34. compare Ew^{§ 295 f}.

ג

ג, גּ, Gîmel, third letter; in post Biblical Hebrew=numeral 3 (and so margin of printed MT); ג֟=3000; no evidence of this usage in OT times.

גֵּא see below גאה. below

ד

ד, דּ, Daleth, fourth letter; in modern Hebrew numeral 4; ד֟=4000; no evidence of this usage in OT times.

ה

ה, He, fifth letter;=numeral 5 in post-Biblical Hebrew; no evidence of this usage in OT times.

הַּ , הַ, הָ, הֶ (on the use of these different forms, see the Grammars: e.g. Ges^{§ 35}),

definite article, the (so Moabite, Phoenician (Schröd^{§ 62-4}), Liµyan (Northwest Arabia) ha (DHM^{Epigr. Denkm. 4. 13. 58 ff.}); not Assyrian Aramaic or Ethiopic: Arabic , of which, before dentals, sibilants, and liquids, the l is written but not pronounced, thus pronounced 'ash-shamsu=Hebrew הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ) — in General the use of the article in Hebrew is analogous to its use in Greek or German: but naturally there are applications peculiar to Hebrew (compare with what follows Ges^{§ 126} Ew^{§ 277}): —

1joined withsubstantives:

a.to mark a definite concrete object, as Genesis 1:1the heavens and the earth, הַמֶּלֶךְ the king, etc. Never, however (as in Greek e.g. ὁ Πλάτων), before true proper names, though it is used with certain terms, chiefly geographical, of which the original appellative sense has not been lost, as הַבַּעַל 'Baal,' literally 'the lord,' in plural הַבְּעָלִים i.e. the various local Baals, הַשָּׂטָןthe Adversary Job 1:6ff. (as a proper name שָׂטָן, 'Satan,' only 1 Chronicles 21:1); הַלְּבָנוֺן (but not הַחֶרְמוֺן), הַיַּרְדֵּן (but not הָאַרְנֹן), הַכַּרְמֶל, הַשָּׁרוֺן the Sharon, הַשְּׁפֵלָה the (Judaean) lowland, הַכִּכָּר, הַמִּישׁוֺר the (Moabite) table-land, הָעֲרָבָה, הָעַי '`Ai,' הַגִּבְעָה 'Gibeah,' Judges 20:5ff., הַגָּלִיל 'Galilee,' הַגִּלְגָּל, הַגִּלְבֹּעַ, הַבָּשָׁן, הַגִּלְעָד (often), הַשִּׁטִּים, הַמִּצְמָּה, הָרָמָה, הַיְשִׁימוֺן, הָעֹפֶל, הַמִּסְגָּה.

b.with an adjective to denote one who exhibits a qualityκατ’ ἐξοχήν, i.e. to express the comparative or superlative degree: so often, as Genesis 1:16המאור הגדל the greater light, המאורהקטן the lesser light, Genesis 27:1בנו הגדול=his elder son, Genesis 48:14הצעיר the younger, Genesis 42:13הַקָּטֹן the little one, i.e. the youngest, (of Joseph's brethren), Leviticus 21:10הַגָּדוֺל מֵאֶחָיו the chiefest of his brethren, Numbers 35:25 + הכהן הגדול the chief priest, ׳הצעיר ב the least among Judges 6:15, הצעירה מן the least of 1 Samuel 9:21, ׳הַיָּפָה ב the fairest among Songs 1:8; 2 Kings 10:3; Proverbs 30:30, compare Job 14:15.

c.with nouns which are not definite in themselves, but acquire their definition from the context, or from the manner in which they are introduced: thus (α) in the standing phrases הַיּוֺםto-day, Genesis 4:14; Genesis 21:26 + often; הַלַּיְלָהto-night, Genesis 19:5; Genesis 30:15 +, once 1 Samuel 15:16last night; so הַשָּׁנָהthis year, 2 Kings 19:29; Jeremiah 28:16; הַמַּעַםthis time, Genesis 18:32 +. (β) הַנָּהָרthe river (κατ’ ἐξοχήν), i.e. the Euphrates; Exodus 2:15the well, the well namely of the district, Joshua 8:11the valley, 1 Samuel 17:3; 1 Samuel 19:10the wall, 1 Samuel 19:13the bed, 1 Samuel 20:21הַנַּעַרthe lad (whom Jonathan would naturally take with him), 1 Samuel 20:34the table. Hence occas. where a suffix would define the noun more precisely, as הַחֲמוֺר2 Samuel 19:27 +=my ass, Judges 3:20; 1 Samuel 1:9הַכִּסֵּא=his seat, Judges 4:15; 1 Kings 22:35; 2 Kings 10:15 + הַמֶּרְכָּבָה, 1 Samuel 18:10; 1 Samuel 20:33הַחֲנִית.

d.it is a peculiarity of Hebrew thought to conceive an object as defined by its beingtaken for a particular purpose, and thus by a kind of prolepsis to prefix the article to the noun denoting it: 1 Samuel 10:1 and Samuel took אֶתמַּֿךְ הַשֶּׁמֶן literally the cruse of oil, not, however, a cruse which had been defined previously, but one rendered definiteby being now taken; in English idiom 'a cruse of oil,' 1 Samuel 10:25בַּסֵּפֶר literally in the scroll or book, the one, namely taken for the purpose, i.e. in a scroll (so Exodus 17:14; Numbers 5:23; Job 19:23), Job 21:10בַּשִּׂמְלָה, Judges 4:18וַתְּכַסֵּהוּ בַּשְּׂמִיכָה, Judges 4:19; Judges 7:13הָאֹהֶלa tent, Judges 8:25; Judges 9:48אֶתהַֿקַּרְדֻּמֹּתhatchets, Judges 20:16 every one able to sling בָּאֶבֶן אֶלהַֿשַּׂעֲרָה with a stone at a hair, 1 Samuel 6:8בָּאַרְגָּז (unless indeed the אַרְגָּז was an understood appendage in every cart), Numbers 11:27הַנַּעַר, a young man, Numbers 13:23בַּמּוֺט on a pole, Joshua 2:15בַּחֶבֶל with a cord, 2 Samuel 17:17השׁפחהa girl (compare Dr^{1Samuel 1:4; 19:13}). Sometimes it is uncertain whether an article is to be referred to c or

d: e.g. 1 Samuel 2:13his prong or a prong, 2 Samuel 18:9his mule or a mule, etc.

e.with nouns that denoteobjects or classes of objects that are known to all, as הַצּאֹן, הַזָּהָב, הַמַּיִם; Genesis 13:2 Abram was very rich בַּמִּקְנֶה בַּכֶּסֶף וּבַזָּהָב, Exodus 31:4לַעֲשׂוֺת בַּזָּהָב וּבַכֶּסֶף, Deuteronomy 14:26 and thou shalt lay out the money בַּבָּקָרוּבַצּאֹן וּבַיַּיִן וּבַשֵּׁכָר, 2 Kings 9:30וַתָּשֶׂם בַּמּוּךְ עֵינֶיהָ, in French 'elle mit du fard à ses yeux.' It is, however, remarkable that this usage depends mostly on the punctuation, הַכֶּסֶף, הַיַּיִן, הַלֶּחֶם etc. (except as applied to denote definite quantities of gold, wine, etc., as Joshua 6:24) being far less common than כֶּסֶף, יַיִן etc., but בַּכֶּסֶף, לַכֶּסֶף etc. being much more frequently than בְּכֶסֶף, לְכֶסֶף etc.: for instances in which the article forms part of the consonantal text, see Genesis 6:20; Genesis 7:8 + העוף and הבהמה, Deuteronomy 8:3הַלָּחֶם, 1 Kings 5:8; 1 Kings 5:13; Isaiah 28:7הַיַּיִן and הַשֵּׁכָר, Isaiah 60:17; Ezekiel 15:4,7 הָאֵשׁ, Habakkuk 2:5; Proverbs 20:1; Psalm 65:14הַצּאֹן, Songs 1:11; Ecclesiastes 7:12. compare below,

f. in comparisons, the object compared being, as a rule, not an individual as such, but one exhibiting the characteristics of a class: Isaiah 1:18כַּשָּׁנִים, כַּתּוֺלָע like scarlet, like crimson (both meant Generally), Isaiah 5:24כַּמַּק יִהְיֶה, Isaiah 5:28כַּצַּר and כַּסּוּפָה, Isaiah 10:14כַּקֵּן, Isaiah 13:8כַּיּוֺלֵדָה (as always with this word, e.g. Isaiah 42:14; Psalm 48:7), Psalm 11:7כַּבָּקָר; + often (The usage is not, however, quite uniform, at least according to the punctuation: there occurs e.g. כְּקַשׁJob 41:21; Isaiah 47:14; כְּאַרְיֵהPsalm 7:3 and elsewhere: and we find both כַּלָּבִיא) Isaiah 5:29 and כְּלָבִיאHosea 13:8; כָּאֲרִיIsaiah 38:13 and כַּאֲרִיNumbers 24:9; כַּגִּבּוֺרIsaiah 42:13 and כְּגבורJob 16:14; etc.) Similarly Genesis 19:28כְּקִיטֹר הַכִּבְשָׁן as the smoke of a furnace, Numbers 11:8,12 כַּאֲשֶׁר יִשָּׂאהָאֹמֵן אֶתהַֿיֹּנֵק, Deuteronomy 28:29 (הָעִוֵּר), Judges 8:18b כְּתֹאַר בְּנֵיהַמֶּלֶךְ, Judges 14:6כְּשַׁסַּע הַגְּדִי like (a lion's) rending a kid, Judges 16:9; 1 Kings 14:15; Zechariah 12:10כְּ מִסְמֵּד עַל הַיָּחִיד as mourning over an only child, Zechariah 13:9 +. Where, however, the standard of comparison is not the class in General, but only a particular part of it, defined by a special epithet (whether adjective or verb), the article is naturally omitted: thus כַּמֹּץ like chaff (in General) Isaiah 41:15, but כְּמֹץ עֹבֵר like chaff passing away Isaiah 29:5; כַּצֵּלJob 14:2, but כְּצֵל נָטוּיPsalm 102:12; כַּקַּשׁIsaiah 40:24, but כְּקַשׁ נִדָּףIsaiah 41:2; כָּאַיָּלIsaiah 35:6, but, ׳כְּאַיָּל תַּעֲרֹג על וג like a hind (that) longeth for streams of waterPsalm 42:2; כָּאֵשׁIsaiah 9:17, but כְּאֵשׁ תבער יער like fire (that) kindleth a woodPsalm 83:15; כֶעָשָׁןIsaiah 51:6, but כְּעָשָׁן מֵאֲרֻבָּה like smoke from a chimneyHosea 13:3: so Isaiah 62:1b Job 9:26; Job 11:16כְּמַיִם עָֽבְרוּ like waters (that) have passed by, etc.; Deuteronomy 32:2 a כַּמָּטָר, כַּטַּל, but Deuteronomy 32:2 b כִּשְׂעִירִים עֲלֵידֶֿשֶׁא, כִּרְבִיבִיםעֲלֵיעֵֿשֶׂב. Where the article is found, although a rel. clause follows (as Psalm 1:4; Psalm 49:13; Isaiah 61:10), this is probably to be regarded not as limiting the class of object compared, but as describing it.

g.prefixed togeneric nouns (in the singular) it designates the class, i.e. it imparts to the noun a collective force, as Exodus 1:22כָּלהַֿבֵּן all (literally the whole of) the sons, כָּלהַֿבַּת all the daughters, Leviticus 17:8,10 מִןהַֿגֵּר of the strangers, who sojourn in their midst, Numbers 21:7הַגנָּחָשׁthe serpents; Genesis 14:13; Ezekiel 24:26; Ezekiel 33:21הַמָּלִיט those who escaped; Joshua 6:7 + הֶחָלוּץ, v Joshua 9:13הַמְאַסֵּף; Joshua 8:19הָאוֺרֵב; 1 Samuel 13:17הַמַּשְׁחִית; Micah 2:13; Isaiah 6:4הַקּוֺרֵא the choir of criers; 1 Samuel 24:14הַקַּדְמֹנִי the ancients; Ecclesiastes 7:26אֶתהַֿאִשָּׁה woman, and often with Gentile names, as הַיְבוּסִי the Jebusites, הַכְּרֵתִי וְהַמְּלֵתִי2 Samuel 8:18 and elsewhere, הַדָּנִיJudges 18:1 etc., הַלֵּוִי the Levites, Numbers 3:20, 18:23; Malachi 2:8; Psalm 135:20 +.

h.with nouns denoting abstract ideas, especially the names of moral qualities (compare Greek ἡ δίκη, French la justice), chiefly in two cases — (α) where the article is recognizable in the consonantal text, exceptionally, when some emphasis or definiteness is intended, as Deuteronomy 7:9שׁומר הברית והחסד; החסד הזה2 Samuel 2:5; 1 Kings 3:6; את החסד והרחמיםJeremiah 16:5 (contr. Zechariah 7:9); הצדקIsaiah 1:26; Isaiah 61:3; Ecclesiastes 3:16; הַצְּדָקָהIsaiah 32:17 (twice in verse) (contrast Isaiah 32:16) Daniel 9:7 (emphatic); הַדַּעַתHosea 4:6; הָאֱמֶתGenesis 32:11 (followed by אֲשֶׁר), Isaiah 59:15 (contrast Isaiah 59:14) Zechariah 8:3,19; הָאֱמוּנָהIsaiah 11:5b (contr. v^a) Jeremiah 7:28; הַחָכְמָהJob 28:12,20; הַחַיִּיםGenesis 2:9 +; הָאַהֲבָהSongs 2:7; Songs 3:5; Songs 8:4,7; הַשֶּׁקֶרJeremiah 7:4,8; Jeremiah 23:26; הַמָּוֶתIsaiah 25:8; Ruth 1:17 +; הָרֶשַׁעPsalm 125:3; Ecclesiastes 3:16; הָרִשְׁעָהZechariah 5:8; הַחשֶׁךְIsaiah 60:2; Ecclesiastes 2:13; see also Deuteronomy 30:15,19 (Jeremiah 21:8), 1 Kings 7:14; Jeremiah 32:19; Malachi 2:5החיים והשׁלום, Psalm 123:4; Psalm 130:4; Daniel 9:9; 1 Chronicles 29:11; 2Chronicles 1:12; Proverbs 31:30; Ecclesiastes 2:18,17; Ecclesiastes 7:12,19; Ecclesiastes 10:6; Ecclesiastes 11:10: but in all such cases חֶסֶד, צֶדֶק, אֱמֶת, etc. are far more common. (β) where the article depends on the punctuation, after prepositions, especially בְּ, but with much irregularity, as בַּחֶסֶדIsaiah 16:5; Proverbs 20:28 (but ׳בְּחHosea 2:21; Proverbs 16:6), בַּצֶּדֶקProverbs 25:5 (elsewhere always ׳בִּצְדָקָה ׃בְּצ also always); בֶּאֱמֶת and בֶּאֱמוּנָה always; בַּשֶּׁקֶרIsaiah 28:15 (but "" כָּזָב, not הַכָּזָב) Jeremiah 5:31; Jeremiah 13:25; Jeremiah 20:6; Jeremiah 23:14 (בְּשֶׁקֶרJeremiah 3:10; Jeremiah 29:9); בַּשָּׁלוֺםPsalm 29:11; Job 15:21 (elsewhere בְּשָׁלוֺם); Zechariah 12:4 to smite בַּשִּׁגָּעוֺן וּבַעִוָּרוֺן (but Deuteronomy 28:28בְּשׁגעון וּבְעורון), compare Genesis 19:11; Deuteronomy 28:22; to enter with one בַּמִּשְׁמָּטJob 9:32; Job 22:4 (but בְּמשׁפטPsalm 143:2), contrast also Proverbs 18:5; with Proverbs 24:23; לַמִּשְׁמָּטIsaiah 59:11; Psalm 9:8 (but ׳לְמIsaiah 5:7; Psalm 122:5); Proverbs 2:2; Proverbs 7:4לַחָכְמָה, (but never הַחכמה in Proverbs 1-9, or indeed in the whole book); Proverbs 2:3; Proverbs 7:4לַבִּינָה, Job 39:17בַּבִּינָה (but never הַבִּינָה); Proverbs 2:2,3לַתְּבוּנָה (but הַתְּבוּנָה only 1 Kings 7:14 emphatic); to perish בַּצָּמָאJudges 15:18 +; Isaiah 29:21בַּתֹּהוּ, Isaiah 32:19בַּשִּׁמְּלָה תִּשְׁמַּל הָעִיר German in die Niedrigkeit sinkt die Stadt, Isaiah 45:16 together they go בַכְּלִמָּה (in die Schmach), Isaiah 46:2בַּשְּׁבִי into captivity, Isaiah 47:5בֹּאִי בַחשֶׁךְ (so always: never בְחשׁך). The living language may have used the article more readily after a preposition, where it did not lengthen the word by an entire syll.; still the disparity of usage between α and β makes it not improbable that the article in β is in many cases not original but due to the punctuators.

N.B. In poetry, the article is frequently dispensed with before words which would naturally take it in prose: thus Psalm 2:2; Psalm 2:8; Psalm 2:10 & often אֶרֶץ; Psalm 8:9; Psalm 18:10; Psalm 33:6 + שָׁמַיִם; (rarely in prose, Genesis 1:8; Genesis 2:4; 1 Kings 8:35); 1 Kings 21:2; 1Ki 45:14; 1Ki 45:16; 1Ki 61:7 and elsewhere מֶלֶךְ; 1Ki 66:6; 1Ki 72:8 + יָם; 1Ki 59:7; 1Ki 59:15 עִיר; Judges 5:2; Psalm 18:44עָם etc.; Psalm 9:6; Psalm 9:17 & often רָשָׁע; Isaiah 1:2,6,21; Isaiah 3:10,11; Isaiah 11:6,7,8.

2 With adjectives, participles, and demonstrative pronouns (הוא, היא, המה, הם, זה, זאת, אלה): namely

a. (so regularly) when the substantive qualified by these words is defined by it likewise, as המלך הגדול=ὁ βασιλεὺς ὁ μέγας, Genesis 2:12הארץ ההוא, Genesis 20:1הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה, Joshua 2:3האנשׁיםהבאים אליך=οἱ ἄνδρες οἱ ἐλθόντες πρὸς σέ, Genesis 13:5; Genesis 16:13; Genesis 24:65; Genesis 32:21; Judges 6:28; Isaiah 65:3,4,5; Isaiah 66:24; Psalm 31:9. So also with adjectives & participles, if the substantive be defined by a suffix (as Deuteronomy 4:37בְּכֹחוֺ הַגָּדֹל, 1 Samuel 8:14זֵיתֵיכֶם הַטֹּבוֺת); and with a pronoun, if it be defined by a Genitive (as Deuteronomy 29:20; 1 Samuel 14:29; 1 Samuel 15:14; 2 Kings 6:32בֶןהַֿמְּרַצֵּחַ הַזֶּהthis son of a murderer), but not if it be defined by a suffix, as Exodus 10:1אֹתֹתַי אֵלֶּה (not אתתי הָאֵלָּה), Joshua 2:14דְבָרֵנוּ זֶהthis our word (not הַזֶּה׳ד): see Dr^{§ 209}Obs. Similarly when the article with the participle has a resumptive force, Psalm 33:15 (Psalm 14, he looketh forth from the place, &c.), הַיֹּצֵר יַחַד לִבָּםhe that formeth, etc., Psalm 19:11הַנֶּחֱמָדִים מִזָּהָבwhich (Psalm 10 b) are more desirable than gold, Psalm 49:7. (:6 b the iniquity of my aggressors surroundeth me), הַבֹּטְחִיםwho trust in their riches, etc., Genesis 49:21; Isaiah 46:6; Isaiah 51:20; Job 6:16 + (see Dr^{§ 135. 7}).

b. (rare) when the substantive qualified by the adjective or participle was felt to be sufficiently definite for its own article to be dispensed with, as sometimes with the word dayGenesis 1:31יום השׁשׁי, Genesis 2:3יום השׁביעי, Exodus 12:15,18; Exodus 20:10 (=Deuteronomy 5:14) Leviticus 19:6; Leviticus 22:27: so with מָנוֺאentranceJeremiah 38:14, שַׁעַרZechariah 14:10; חָצֵרcourt1 Kings 7:8,12; Ezekiel 40:28 and elsewhere; also in certain phrases (peculiar to P) where the substantive is defined by כל, as Genesis 1:21כָּלנֶֿפֶשׁהַחַיָּהall living souls, Genesis 1:28כָּלחַֿיָּה הָרֹמֶשֶׂת all living things that creep, etc., Genesis 7:21; Genesis 9:10; Leviticus 11:10,46; further in isolated cases, hardly reducible to rule, Leviticus 24:10; 1 Samuel 12:23דֶּרֶךְ הַטּוֺבָה, 1 Samuel 16:23רוּחַ הָרָעָה, 2 Samuel 12:4לְאישׁ העשׁירJeremiah 6:20; Jeremiah 17:2; Zechariah 4:7; Psalm 104:18; Ezra 10:9חֹדֶשׁ הַתְּשִׁיעִי (quite exceptional in OT). (With pronouns this use is so rare that, where it occurs, it is dubious if the text be sound: 1 Samuel 17:12,17; Jeremiah 40:3 Kt Micah 7:11). And with the participle: 1 Samuel 25:10רַבִּים עֲבָדִים הַמִּתְמָּֽרְצִים many are the slaves who break away etc., Isaiah 7:20; Jeremiah 27:3; Jeremiah 46:16=Jeremiah 50:16חֶרֶבהַיּוֺנָה the oppressing sword, Ezekiel 2:3 (but ᵐ5 Co omit הגוים), Ezekiel 14:22; Ezekiel 32:22,24; Psalm 62:4; Proverbs 26:18; Judges 21:19 (very anomalous, read probably לַמְּסִלָּה). This usage is somewhat more frequently in the later parts of OT; and in Post-Biblical Hebrew it is very General (e.g. יֵצֶד הָרַע the evil inclination): see further Dr^{§ 209.}

c. with the participle, where the participle with the article forms really the subject:Genesis 2:11הוּאהַסּוֺבֵב not 'it was encompassing,' but 'it is that which encompassed,' Genesis 45:12מִּי הַמְדַבֵּר my mouth is that which speaketh, Deuteronomy 3:21עֵינֶיךָ הָראֹוֺת thine eyes were those which saw, Deuteronomy 4:3; Deuteronomy 8:18ὅτι οὗτος ἐστινὁ διδοὺς σοί, Isaiah 14:27; Isaiah 66:9 (see Dr^{§ 135. 7}).

3 The article is prefixed exceptionally — mostly in the latest Hebrew — with the force of a relative to the verb:Joshua 10:24הֶהָֽלְכוּא אִתּוֺthat went with him, Ezekiel 26:17, הָעִיר הַהֻ֫לָּלָה, 1 Chronicles 26:28וְכֹל הַהִקְדִּישׁ שְׁמוּאֵל and all that Samuel had dedicated, 1 Chronicles 29:8,17; 2Chronicles 1:4 ַ˜בּהֵכִין in (the place) that he had prepared, 2 Chronicles 29:36; Ezra 8:25; Ezra 10:14,17. According to the punctuation, it occurs similarly elsewhere, as Genesis 18:21הַשָבּאָה (so Genesis 46:27; Job 2:11), Job 21:3הַנּוֺלַדלֿוֺ, 1 Kings 11:9 & Daniel 8:1הַנִּרְאָה, Isaiah 51:10הַשָּׂ֨מָה֨, Isaiah 56:3הַנִּלְוָה, Ruth 1:22; Ruth 2:6; Ruth 4:3 (all הַשָּׁ֫בָה): but in all these passages, the change of a point, or even sometimes of an accent, would restore the normal participial construction (as הַבָּשָאה, הַנּוֺלָד לוֺ compare Genesis 48:5, הַנִּרְאֶה), which is, no doubt, what was intended by the original writers, and is recognised elsewhere by the Masora, e.g. Genesis 12:7; Genesis 35:1הַנִּרְאֶה, Genesis 46:26 & Ruth 4:11הַבָּאָ֣ה (compare Ew^{§ 331 b} Ges^{138, 3 b}). Once, still more anomalously, before a preposition 1 Samuel 9:24וְהֶעָלֶיהָ (as though καὶ τὸ ἐπ’αὐτῆς): but read probably וְהָאַלְיָהand the fat tail, see Dr. (In Arabic also occurs, though very rarely, as a relative: W^{AG i. § CG 117}). — On the anomalous use of the article with a word in the stative construct, see Grammars, as Ew^{§ 290 d}, Ges^{§ 127} R. 4, also Dr^{§ 190-1}.

הֲ, הַ, הַּ , הֶ (on the different forms, see Ges^{§ 100}. 4: on Deuteronomy 32:6, see הַל),

interrogative particle (Biblical Aramaic and ᵑ7הֲ, Arabic ), prefixed, as a rule, to the first word of a sentence (or clause).

1 in direct questions:

a.as a simple interrogative, where the answer expected is uncertain, Exodus 2:7הַאֵלֵךְshall I go and call thee a nurse ? 1 Samuel 23:11הֲיַסְגִּרֻנִיwill the men of Keilah deliver me into his hand ? הֲיֵרֵד שָׁאוּלwill Saul come down ? Job 1:8; and frequently.

b.often in questions, expressed in a tone of surprise, or put rhetorically, to which a negative answer is expected (=Latin num ?): Genesis 4:9הֲשֹׁמֵר אָחִי אָנֹכִיAmos I my brother's keeper ? Genesis 18:17shall I hide from Abraham that which I am about to do ? Genesis 30:2; Genesis 50:19; Numbers 11:23 a Deuteronomy 4:33הֲשָׁמַע עַם֗֗֗ Did a people ever hear the voice of God speaking out of the midst of the fire, . . . and live ? Deuteronomy 20:19 (read with ᵐ5ᵑ7ᵑ6ᵑ9 Ew Ke Di etc. הֶאָדָם for הָאָדָם), 2 Samuel 7:5ַ˜האַתָּה תִּבְנֶהלִּֿי בַיִת (altered in 1 Chronicles 17:4 to the negative ׳לֹא אַתָּה תִּבְנֶה וג), 2 Kings 6:22הַאֲשֶׁר שָׁבִיתָ ֗֗֗ those whom thou hast taken captive with thy sword and with thy bow, wilt thou smite ? Isaiah 28:24; Isaiah 36:12; a Isaiah 57:6; Isaiah 58:5; Jeremiah 15:12; Jeremiah 16:20; Amos 5:25; Psalm 50:13; Job 8:11; Job 15:7,8,11; Job 38:12,16,17,22 etc.; before an infinitive absolute (Ew^{§ 328 a}) Jeremiah 7:9; Job 40:2 and probably Micah 2:7 (read הֶאָמוֺר: ). After a protasis, הִנֵההֲ֗֗֗Numbers 22:38; 2 Kings 7:2,19; Jeremiah 32:27; Ezekiel 17:10; after הֵןJeremiah 3:1; Haggai 2:12: compare after זוּלַיGenesis 24:5; after אִםJob 14:14אִם יָמוּת גֶּבֶר הֲיִחְיֶה a man dieth, shall he live ? Occasionally, one or more words precede הֲ (in the same clause) for special emphasis: 2 Samuel 7:7; Job 34:31כִּי אֶלאֵֿלהֶאָמַר for to God did one ever say. . .? Nehemiah 13:27; Jeremiah 22:15 (הֲלֹא), compare Jeremiah 23:26.

c.it is used in questions which, by seeming to make doubtful what cannot be denied, have the force of an impassioned or indignant affirmation: Genesis 27:36 ('dubitantis speciem prae se fert Esavus, ut eo acerbius affirmet,' Maurer, cited by Ges), 1 Samuel 2:27הֲנִגְלהֹ נִגְלֵיתִי וגיDid I reveal myself to the house of thy father, when they were in Egypt ? etc. (i.e. of course I did, although thy sons, by their actions, appear to belie it), 1 Kings 16:31 (expressing astonishment), 1 Kings 21:19הֲרָצַחְתָּ וְגַםיָֿרָ֑שְׁתָּHast thou slain, and also taken possession ? Jeremiah 31:20; Job 20:4; Job 41:1 (compare Hi); also Genesis 16:13, and the phrases הַרְּאִיתֶםdo ye see ?1 Samuel 10:24; 2 Kings 6:32; הֲרָאִיתָdost thou see ?1 Kings 20:13; Ezekiel 8:12,15,17 and elsewhere

d.in disjunctive questions, the first question being introduced usually by הֲ, the second by אִם or (more rarely) וְאִם: see examples under אִם

2 (p. 50). The disjunctive question may express a real alternative (as Joshua 5:13), or (as especially in poetry) the same thought may be repeated in a different form, in two parallel clauses (e.g. Isaiah 10:15): in the latter case, the answer No is usually expected. Only very rarely is the second question introduced by הֲJudges 14:15 (where, however, הֲלֹם ought no doubt to be read, with MSS., ᵑ7 Be and others, for הֲלֹא), or אוֺJudges 18:19; Job 16:3; Job 38:28,31.

2 In indirect interrogation, whether (German ob. . . .?) —

a. singly, after verbs of seeingGenesis 8:8לִרְאוֺת הֲ to see whether, Genesis 18:21; Exodus 4:18; Songs 6:11, tellingGenesis 43:6, tryingDeuteronomy 13:4, knowingJudges 3:4; Ecclesiastes 3:21 (read הַעֹלָה and הֲיֹרֶדֶת: see De or Wr on the passage.)

b. disjunctively, — usually הֲ ֗֗֗ אִם, Numbers 13:18 end, Numbers 13:19a (and see the land) הֲטוֺבָה הִיא אִם רָעָה ֗֗֗ whether it be good or bad, Numbers 13:19 b; Numbers 13:20; Numbers 13:20; הֲ ֗֗֗ אִם לֹאGenesis 24:21; Genesis 27:21; Genesis 37:32; Exodus 16:4 that I may try it (the people) הֲיֵלֵךְ בְּתוֺרָתִי אִם לֹאwhether it will walk in my law or not, Numbers 11:23; Deuteronomy 8:2; Judges 2:22; הֲ ֗֗֗ הֲNumbers 13:18 (by side of הֲ ֗֗֗ אִם); הֲ ֗֗֗ אוֺEcclesiastes 2:19; Ecclesiastes 11:6. It is prefixed to other particles, as הַאִם, הַאַף, הֲגַם, הֲכִי, הֲלֹא: see אִם, אַף,etc. p. 49, etc.

ו

ו, Waw, sixth letter; in modern Hebrew=numeral 6; no evidence of this usage in OT times.

וְ, וּ, וָ

demonstrative adverb and

conjunctionso, then, and (Phoenician, Moabite, Aramaic ו; Arabic ; Ethiopic Assyrian u Dl^W (but between verbs the usually connective is the enclitic ma KAT^{2. 508}, Dl^{§§ 82, 150}). The use in Hebrew shews that original וְ was not a merely copulative conjunction, but that it possessed a demonstrative force (compare Dr^{§ 122}), which is often perceptible as such, though in other cases, from its being applied to denote mere juxtaposition or connection [compare Greek τε, and Latin tum .... tum='both .... and,' both properly demonstratives: Assyrian ma has also a demonstrative force, Dl^{§ 79}], it is less palpable) — וְ before shwa' mobile or a labial is vocalized וּ; often before a tone-syll., when the word itself has a disj. accent, וָ (as וַָ˜מתִּי׃Genesis 19:19; וָמֵ֖תוּGenesis 33:13; וָמֵ֑תGenesis 44:9; וָחָֽיָה׃Exodus 1:16; וָיָ֑מָּהJoshua 15:46; וָ֔לֹ֕א2 Samuel 13:26; וָאָ֖רֶץIsaiah 26:19; וָקָ֔מוּIsaiah 49:7; וָחָֽתָּה׃Jeremiah 48:1; וָרָֹעPsalm 10:15); especially when it forms with the preceding word a pair, whether of parallel or opposed ideas (as כֹּה וָכֹהExodus 2:12, מִי וָמִ֖יExodus 10:8, אֶבֶן וָאָ֑בֶןDeuteronomy 25:13; דֹּר וָדֹ֑רDeuteronomy 32:7 +; תֹּהוּ וָבֹ֔הוּGenesis 1:2, בְּהֵמָה וָרֶמֶ֛שׂGenesis 1:24, טוֺב וָרָֽע׃Genesis 2:19, נָע וָנָ֖דGenesis 4:12, וְקַיִץ וָחֹ֛רֶף וְיוֺם וָלָ֖יְלָהGenesis 8:22, קַח וֵָ˜לךְ׃Genesis 12:19, שָׁמַיִם וָאָֽרֶץ׃Genesis 14:19, אֲנִי וָאָ֑תָּהGenesis 31:44, אֲנִי וָה֑וּאGenesis 41:11, עִבְרוּ וָ™שׁוּבוּExodus 32:27, אַתָּה וָהֵ֛םNumbers 16:16, אֱלֹהִים וָמֶ֑לָךְ1 Kings 21:13, נִין וָנֶ֖כֶדIsaiah 14:22, שֹׁד וָשֶׁ֖בֶרIsaiah 59:7; and often: see more fully Bö^{§ 600}); occasionally also with a conjunctive accent (as וָשַחי לְעֹלָֽם׃Genesis 3:22 compare Leviticus 18:5, וָמַ֣תְנוּ שָׁם2 Kings 7:4, וָאָ֣רֶץ חֲדָשָׁ֑הIsaiah 65:17; Proverbs 25:3, שֹׁ֖ד וָשֶשׁבֶר גָּ˜דוֺל׃Jeremiah 48:3, compare Jeremiah 32:29). — וְ is used very freely and widely in Hebrew, but also with much delicacy, to express relations and shades of meaning which Western languages would usually indicate by distinct particles. But in Hebrew particles such as אוֺ, אָז, אַךְ, אָכֵן, אוּלָם, בַּעֲבוּר, לְמַעַן, לָכֵן, etc., were reserved for cases in which special emphasis or distinctness was desired: their frequent use was felt instinctively to be inconsistent with the lightness and grace of movement which the Hebrew ear loved; and thus in AV, RV, words like or, then, but, notwithstanding, howbeit, so, thus, therefore, that, constantly appear, where the Hebrew has simply וְ.

1And, connecting both words (see above), and sentences (Genesis 1:5 ׳וְלַחשֶׁךְ קָרָא וג). When three, four, or more words follow, the conjunction may connect them all, as Genesis 7:21; Genesis 10:2 (6 t.) Genesis 24:35 (7 t.) Joshua 7:24 (10 t.) 2 Samuel 17:28f.: often however it is prefixed only to the last, as Genesis 5:32; Genesis 10:1; Deuteronomy 18:10 etc.; occas. even it connects only the first two, 1 Kings 8:47; Isaiah 1:13; Psalm 45:9; Job 42:9. Remarkably, however, וְ as a mere conjunction is, as a rule, not in classical Hebrew attached directly to verbs (especially in the perfect), the construction with וְ consecutive (see

2) being (as in Moabite) preferred: thus יָצָא וַיִּבֶן is said, not יָצָא וּבָנָה. Exceptions in classical Hebrew are (a) sometimes where synonyms are coupled, as Numbers 23:19אָמַר ֗֗֗ וְדִבֶּר, Deuteronomy 2:30; Judges 5:26; 1 Samuel 12:2; Isaiah 1:2גדּלתי ורוממתיIsaiah 2:11; Isaiah 5:14; Isaiah 8:8; Isaiah 19:6; Isaiah 29:20; (b) isolated cases, difficult to reduce to rule (perhaps sometimes due to textual error), as Genesis 28:6; Genesis 38:5; Judges 3:23; Judges 7:13; Judges 16:18; 1 Samuel 1:12; 1 Samuel 3:13; 1 Samuel 4:19; 1 Samuel 5:7; 1 Samuel 10:9; 1 Samuel 17:38,48; 1 Samuel 25:20 and elsewhere (in other passages, apparently similar, the perfect and וְ has a frequent. force (see 2), as Genesis 37:3; Exodus 36:29f.; Numbers 10:17f. Numbers 21:15,20; 1 Samuel 2:22; 1 Samuel 16:14; 1 Samuel 17:34f. (see Dr) 1 Samuel 27:9; 2 Samuel 16:13; 2 Samuel 17:17, perhaps also Genesis 15:6; Genesis 21:25; Genesis 34:5). In later parts of OT, probably through Aramaic influence, the perfect with simple וְ occurs more frequently: so especially in Ecclesiastes, where it is all but universal (e.g. Genesis 2:11,12,13,15 etc.). With the imperfect, the simple וְ is not so unidiomatic, even in classical Hebrew (compare 3); see Genesis 1:9,26; Genesis 9:27; Genesis 17:2; Genesis 22:17; Genesis 27:29; Exodus 23:8 (frequently) Exodus 24:7; Numbers 14:12; Deuteronomy 17:13; Deuteronomy 30:12,13; Joshua 3:13; Joshua 7:3; Judges 7:3; Judges 13:8; Isaiah 5:29; Isaiah 14:10; often also in Jeremiah, Isa², Job, Psalms, e.g. Isaiah 40:30; Isaiah 41:20 (Dr^{§ 116}: contrast Isaiah 28:13). See more fully Dr^{§ 130-4} Ges^{§ 112}. 6. Special senses: —

a. it sometimes=and specially, Genesis 3:16; 1 Kings 11:1 many strange women, and specially the daughter of Pharaoh, Isaiah 1:1 Judah and (=and particularly) Jerusalem, Isaiah 2:1; Isaiah 9:7; Psalm 18:1.

b.and in particular ('und zwar'), and that (explicative), Genesis 4:4; Judges 7:22; 1 Samuel 17:40וּבַיַּלְקוּט, 1 Samuel 28:3 in Ramah, and that in his city (unusual: text suspicious), 2 Samuel 13:20וְשֹׁמֵמָהand that desolate, Isaiah 57:11 I have been silent וּמֵעוֺלָםand that from of old, Isaiah 32:7; Jeremiah 15:13; Amos 3:11 (si vera lectio), Amos 4:10; Zechariah 9:9b Malachi 1:11; Psalm 68:10; Proverbs 3:12; Lamentations 3:26; Ecclesiastes 8:2; Daniel 1:3; Daniel 8:10; Daniel 9:25,27; Nehemiah 8:13; 1 Chronicles 9:27; 2Chronicles 8:13; 29:27 (but' even' for ו, before ל and infinitive, e.g. in Isaiah 44:28; Jeremiah 17:10; Jeremiah 19:12, is wrong; see Ew^{§ 351 c}, Dr^{§ 206}).

c. sometimes it introduces an idea which so exceeds or adds to what has preceded, that it is nearly equivalent to also, 1 Samuel 25:43; 1 Kings 2:22 ask also the kingdom for him; unusually Hosea 8:6כי מישׂראל והוא for of Israel is it also, Ecclesiastes 5:6והבלים (see De) 2 Chronicles 27:5 (but see ᵐ5). Or it may be rendered yea: so especially in the ascending numerations 3-4 Amos 1:3,6,9,11,13; Amos 2:1,4,6; Proverbs 30:18,21,29,6-7 Proverbs 6:16; Job 5:19, 7-8 Micah 5:4 — the first number being aggravated, or augmented, by a higher. In one idiom וּגְבוּל, occurring in geographic descriptions, it is used peculiarly, seemingly=at the same time:Numbers 34:6 and as for the western border, וְהָיָה לָכֶם הַיָּם הַגָּדוֺל וּגְבוּל the great sea shall be to you also (German 'zugleich') a border, Deuteronomy 3:16תּוֺךְ הַנַּחַל וּגְבוּל the middle of the stream being at the same time the border, Deuteronomy 3:17; Joshua 13:23,27; Joshua 15:12,47 (but these, except Numbers 34:6, might be cases of 5cγ).

d. it connects alternative cases, so that it=or:Exodus 20:10,17; Exodus 21:16 he that stealeth a man וּמְכָרוֺ וְנִמְצָא בְיָדוֺ and selleth him, and (=or if) he be found in his hand, Exodus 21:17; Leviticus 21:14; Leviticus 22:23,24; Proverbs 29:9 (Fl Ew RV: whether . . . or) Job 31:13,16,26, etc.

e. it connects contrasted ideas, where in our idiom the contrast would be expressed explicitly by but; in such cases prominence is usually given to the contrasted idea by its being placed immediately after the conjunction: Genesis 2:17but of the tree of the knowledge . . . thou shalt not eat, Genesis 4:2,5; Genesis 6:8; Genesis 17:21; Genesis 31:10 etc., 1 Kings 2:26; 1 Kings 10:7; 1 Kings 11:32,34; 1 Kings 15:14; Proverbs 10:1,2,3,4 + often; even after לֹא (where כִּי or כִּי אִם might be expected), as Genesis 42:10; Exodus 21:18; Leviticus 26:45; Deuteronomy 11:11; Judges 19:12; 1 Kings 3:11.

f. it introduces a contrasted idea in such a way as to suggest a question, especially before a pronoun, Judges 14:16 I told it not to my father or my mother, וְלָךְ אַגִּיד and shall I told it unto thee?2 Samuel 11:11; Jeremiah 25:29וְאַתֶּם הִנָּקֵה תִנָּקוּ and shall ye be guiltless? Jeremiah 45:5; Ezekiel 20:31; Ezekiel 33:25b Jonah 4:11. So the וְ consecutive and perfect (see 2a), Exodus 5:5וְהִשְׁבַּתֶּםand will ye make them rest from their burdens? Numbers 16:10וּבִקַּשְׁתֶּםand seek ye the priesthood also? 1 Samuel 25:11; Isaiah 66:9; Psalm 50:21and shall I keep silence? Job 32:16 (compare Dr^{§ 119}γ).

g. attaching a fresh subj. (or object) to a clause already grammatically complete, it=and also, Genesis 2:9b Numbers 16:2,18 and they stood at the entrance of the tent of meeting, ומשׁה ואהרןand Moses and Aaron (stood also), Numbers 16:27; Exodus 35:22; Judges 6:5; Genesis 1:16; b Genesis 12:17; Genesis 44:2; Genesis 46:15; Exodus 29:3; Jeremiah 32:29 (compare Dr^{Sm. i. 6, 11, & p. 293}): when the idea thus attached is subordinate, or not logically embraced in the principal predicate, it approximates to the Arabic or 'waw of association' (followed by an accusative: W^{AG ii. § 37}), Esther 4:16אֲנִי וְנַעֲרֹתַי אָצוּם I will fast (singular) and (=with) my maidens, Exodus 21:4; 1 Samuel 25:42; 1 Samuel 29:10b (but insert here אַתָּה with ᵐ5) 2 Samuel 12:30 (but read וּבָהּ, as 1 Chronicles 20:2) 1 Samuel 20:10; Nehemiah 6:12; Genesis 4:20; Isaiah 42:5; Jeremiah 19:1 (but read וְלָקַחְתָּ֫ מזקני with ᵐ5) 2 Chron 2:3; 2 Chronicles 13:11; compare Jeremiah 22:7 (אִישׁ וְכֵלָיו), Job 41:12. Whether Isaiah 48:16וְרוּחוֺ belongs here, is dubious

h.וְ repeated=both . . . and (but גַּם ֗֗֗ גַּם) is more usual in this sense); Genesis 34:28; Numbers 9:14; Joshua 9:23; 2 Samuel 5:8 (text dubious), Isaiah 16:5; Isaiah 38:15; Jeremiah 13:14; Jeremiah 21:6; Jeremiah 32:14 (text dubious) Jeremiah 32:20; Jeremiah 40:8; Psalm 76:7; Job 34:29; Daniel 8:13; Nehemiah 12:28.

i. a repetition of the same word with וְ interposed expresses (a) diversity (rare), Deuteronomy 25:13אֶבֶן וָאֶבֶן a weight and a weight, i.e. different weights (explained by גְּדֹלָה וּקְטַנָּה), Deuteronomy 25:14; Proverbs 20:23; Psalm 12:3בְּלֵב וָלֵב with a heart and a heart=with a double heart, 1 Chronicles 12:33בְּלֹא לֵב וָלֵב; (b) distribution (except in דֹּר וָדֹרDeuteronomy 32:7; Isaiah 13:20^{Intr. 505}) Psalm 87:5; 1 Chronicles 26:13לְשַׁעַר וָשָֽׁעַר׃=for every gate, 1 Chronicles 28:14 (twice in verse); 2Chronicles 8:14; 34:13; 35:15; Ezra 10:14זִקְנֵי עִיר וָעִיר elders of every city, Nehemiah 13:24; Esther 1:8,22 (twice in verse); Esther 2:12; Esther 3:4,12 (4 t. in verse); Esther 8:9 (twice in verse); strengthened by כָּלֿ2Chronicles 11:12 בכל עיר ועיר in every several city, 2 Chronicles 19:5; 28:25; 31:19; 32:28; Esther 2:11בכליֿום ויום, Esther 3:14; Esther 4:3; Esther 8:11,13,17 (twice in verse); Esther 9:21,27,28; Psalm 45:18; Psalm 145:13 (common in post-Biblical Hebrew, especially with כל).

j. it is used in the formulation of proverbs (the Vav adaequationis, וָו הִשְׁתַּוָּאָה) as Proverbs 17:3; Proverbs 25:3,20,25 cold waters to a thirsty soul and good news from a far country (i.e. they are like each other), Proverbs 26:3,9,14,20; Proverbs 27:21; Ecclesiastes 5:2; Ecclesiastes 7:1; Ecclesiastes 8:8; compare Ecclesiastes 9:11; Psalm 19:5; Psalm 125:2; Job 14:11f.; Job 14:19 (compare in Arabic 'every man and his cares [accusative],' 'every thing and its price,' i.e. they go together: 'merchants and dogs [accusative] of Seleucia,' i.e. they are like one another: see Fl^{Kl. Schr. iii. 535 f.}). More rarely in the opposite order, Job 5:7; Job 12:11. But 1 Samuel 12:15b cannot be thus explained: read with ᵐ5וּבְמַלְכְּכֶם, and see Dr.

k. in circumstantial clauses וְ introduces a statement of the concomitant conditions under which the action denoted by the principal verb takes place: in such cases, the relation expressed by וְ must often in English be stated explicitly by a conjunction, as when, since, seeing, though, etc., as occasion may require. So very often, as Genesis 11:4 let us build a tower וְראֹשׁוֺ בַשָּׁמַיִםand its top in the heavens (=with its top in etc.), Genesis 18:12 shall I have pleasure, וַאדֹנִי זָקֵןand my lord is old (=my lord being old)? Judges 16:15 How sayest thou, I love thee, וְלִבְּךָ אֵין אִתִּיand (=when) thy heart is not with me? and especially with a person pronoun, Genesis 15:2 what wilt thou give me וְאָנֹכִיהֹלֵךְ עֲרִירִיand I (=the case being that I) am going hence childless? Genesis 18:13; Genesis 20:3 lo, thou wilt die because of the woman thou hast taken וְהִוא בְּעֻלַת בָּֽעַל׃=seeing she is married, Genesis 24:62וְהוּא ישֵׁב=since or for he was dwelling (different from וַיֵּשֶׁב=and he proceeded to dwell), Genesis 26:27וְאַתֶּםseeing ye hate me, Judges 13:9 and came to her וְהִיא ישֶׁבֶת=as she was sitting, 1 Samuel 18:23; 1 Kings 19:19Psalm 72:12 the afflicted וְאֵיןעֹֿזֵרלוֺand (=when) he has no helper (compare Job 29:12), Job 104:25 וְאֵין מִסְמָּר, Job 105:34; Job 5:9. See more fully Dr^{§ 156-60} Ges^{§ 141}, R 2. (The analogous use of the is very common in Arabic: W^{ii. § 183}.) Introducing an appeal to a fact confirmatory of some statement or promise, it almost=as truly as (compare Ew^{§ 340 c}) Hosea 12:6and J. is God of hosts, J. is his name! Joel 4:20; Amos 9:5-6Isaiah 51:15and I [who promise this] am J. thy God, who . . . . ! Jeremiah 29:23; Psalm 89:38b (compare in Qoran the frequently 'And God is .. . . . [the mighty, the merciful, etc.]').

2 The ו consecutive (formerly called the Waw 'conversive'); —

a. with the

imperfect (וַּ with following daghesh; before א, וָ), as וַיּאֹמֶר properly=and he proceeded to say, chiefly in contin. of a preceding perfect tense (so Moabite);

b. with the

perfect (וְ, — in 1 & 2 singular, the tone, with certain exceptions [see Dr^{§ 110}], being thrown forward to the ultima), as וְיָָֽשַׁבְתָּ֫ properly so [namely, as limited by a verb, or other term, preceding] hadst thou sat, chiefly in continuation of a preceding imperfect tense, in its various senses of future, jussive, or frequentative. Thefurther analysis of these idioms belongs to the grammar; see on a Dr^{Ch. vi.}, Ges^{§ 111}, and on

b Dr^{Ch. viii.} Ges^{§ 112}. Here it must suffice to note — (a) ו consecutive (especially with the imperfect) frequently couples two verbs in such a manner that the first, indicating the general character of the action, receives its closer definition in the second: in such cases, the first may often be represented in English by an adverb, as Genesis 26:18וַיָּשָׁב וַיַּחְמֹּר and he turned and dug=and he dug again; so often; and similarly with הוֺסִיףGenesis 25:1, מִהַרGenesis 24:18, הוֺאִילJoshua 7:7, etc.; more exceptionally, Genesis 30:27; Esther 8:6, and (not consecutive) Genesis 47:6; Job 23:3; Songs 2:3; Lamentations 3:26 (see Ges^{§ 120}, 2 a; compare in Syriac Nö^{§ 335-6}. In Arabic the stronger form of the conjugation here corresponds: W^{ii. § 140}). (b) וַּ  with the imperfect sometimes expresses a contrast=and yet, Genesis 32:31 I have seen God face to face וַתִּנָּצֵלand yet my soul is delivered, Deuteronomy 4:33; 2 Samuel 3:8; 2 Samuel 19:29; Isaiah 51:12; Psalm 73:14; Psalm 144:3; Job 10:8 + (compare Dr^{§ 74}β). (c) there is a tendency in the later books of the OT to use the perfect with simple וְ, where the classical language would employ the imperfect with וַּ  (compare above

1); so especially in Ecclesiastes, where וַּ  occurs thrice only, Job 1:17; Job 4:1,7. (d) a double perfect with ו consecutive is sometimes used, informally but neatly, with a hypothetical force; thus (a) in past or present time Exodus 16:21וְחַם הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְנָמָֽס׃ and the sun used to be warm, and it used to melt=and if (or when) the sun was warm, it melted, Exodus 33:10; 1 Kings 18:10; Jeremiah 18:4,8 וְֹשָׁב וְנִחַמְתִּ֫י=and if it turns, I repent, Jeremiah 20:9 (see RV); (β) in future time, Genesis 44:22ועזב אביו ומת and he will leave his father, and he will die=and if he leaves his father, he will die, Genesis 33:13; Genesis 42:38; Exodus 4:14; Exodus 12:13; 1 Samuel 16:2; 1 Samuel 19:3; Ezekiel 33:3; Ezekiel 39:15 etc. (Dr^{§ 147-9}, Ges^{§ 159}. 2 e).

3 With a

voluntative (cohortative or jussive) וְ expresses an intention, that or so that (an elegancy by which the too frequent use of לְמַעַן or בַּעֲבוּר is avoided): Exodus 10:17 entreat God, וְיָסֵרso may he remove (=that he may remove) this death, Genesis 27:4 and bring it me וְאֹכֵ֑לָהso let me eat (=that I may eat); and without the modal form being externally indicated, Exodus 14:1 speak . . . וְיָשֻׁבוּthat they return, Exodus 14:15; and often Sts. even of past time, as 1 Kings 13:33 whom he would, he consecrated וִיהִיthat there might be priests of the high places, 2 Kings 19:25; Isaiah 25:9 a Lamentations 1:19. After a negative, Psalm 51:18 thou desirest not sacrifice, וְאֶתֵּ֑נָהso [=in that case] would I give it (or, that I might give it), Psalm 55:13וְאֶשָּׂאso could I bear it (or, that I might bear it), Isaiah 53:2 RVm Numbers 23:19; Jeremiah 5:28 RV. Sts. also before an imperative, Genesis 12:2and be (=that thou mayest be) a blessing, 2 Samuel 21:3 +. See more fully Dr^{§ 59-65}, Ges^{§ 108}. 2; 109. 2; 110. 2. (In Arabic with the subjunctive is used similarly: W^{ii. § 15 d}.) A volunt. is also sometimes attached by וְ to a preceding volunt. or imperative, so as to form a virtually hypothetical sentence, as Genesis 42:18זֹאת עֲשׂוּ וִחְיוּ=if you do this, you shall live, Genesis 30:28; Genesis 34:12; Proverbs 3:9f. Proverbs 4:4,8; Isaiah 55:2: see Dr^{§ 152}.

4 It expresses often an informal inference, or consequence, so, then, especially at the beginning of a speech: Genesis 27:8; Psalm 2:10 and often וְעַתָּה now, therefore; וְלָמָּה and וּמַדּוּעַ why, then?Genesis 29:25; Numbers 12:8; Numbers 16:3 +; Exodus 2:20וְאַיּוֺ where, then, is he? Genesis 34:21; 1 Samuel 15:14; 1 Samuel 26:22וְיַעֲבֹר let, then, . . . come over, 2 Samuel 24:3; 2 Kings 4:41וּקְחוּ קֶמַחthen bring meal, Ezekiel 18:32. So the וְ consecutive and the perfect, as Deuteronomy 2:4וְנִשְׁמַרְתֶּם take heed, therefore, Deuteronomy 4:15; Deuteronomy 7:9וְיָָֽדַעְתָּ֫ know, therefore, Deuteronomy 30:19; 1 Samuel 6:5; 1 Kings 2:6; Ruth 3:9; Joshua 15:19; Isaiah 40:6b (Dr^{§ 119}δ).

5ו introduces the predicate or apodosis: namely

a.וְ consecutive and the Perfect — in answer to אִם or כִּי constantly, as Exodus 19:5; Exodus 23:22 if thou hearkenest to my voice, וְאָֽיַבְתִּ֫יthen am I (=I will be) enemy to thy enemies (see Dr^{§ 136-8}); after the casus pendens, Exodus 12:44 every servant that is bought for money, וּמַלְתָּ֫ה thou shalt circumcise him, etc. Numbers 14:31; Numbers 24:24; 1 Samuel 25:27; 2 Samuel 14:10 he that spake unto thee, וַהֲבֵאתוֺ אֵלַיso hast thou brought him (=thou shalt bring him) unto me, Isaiah 9:4; Isaiah 56:6f. +; Exodus 12:15; Exodus 31:14; Deuteronomy 17:12 +; after various time-determinations, as Genesis 3:5 in the day of your eating from it וְנִפְקְחוּthen shall your eyes be opened, Exodus 16:6עֶרֶב וִידַעְתֶּם at even, then shall ye know, Exodus 16:7; Exodus 32:34; 2 Samuel 15:10; 1 Kings 13:31בְּמוֺתִי וּקְבַרְתֶּם אֹתִי when I die, so ye shall bury me, etc., + often; after conjs., as כִּיGenesis 29:15, יַעַן1 Kings 20:28; Isaiah 3:16f., תַּחַתIsaiah 60:15, etc., (see Dr^{§ 123}).

b.וַּ  consecutive and the imperfect (but much less frequently than the perfect), as Genesis 30:30 the little that thou hadst, וַיִּפְרֹץit hath increased, Exodus 9:21; 2 Samuel 4:10; 1 Kings 9:20f. 1 Kings 15:13 +; after time-determinations, Genesis 22:4 on the third day וַיִּשָּׂאthen Abraham lifted up his eyes, Genesis 19:15; Genesis 27:34; Genesis 37:18; 1 Samuel 6:6; 1 Samuel 12:8; Isaiah 6:1; Hosea 11:1 when Israel was a child, וָאֹהֲבֵהוּthen I loved him, +; occasionally after conjunctions, as כַּאֲשֶׁרExodus 16:34, יַעַן1 Samuel 15:23, לְמַעַןIsaiah 45:4, אִםPsalm 59:16 (Dr^{§ 127}).

c. in other cases (not 'consecutive') — all more or less uncommon: namely a.וְ closely joined to the imperfect Genesis 13:9 if to the left, וְאֵימִינָהthen I will take the right (compare 2 Samuel 12:8) Exodus 12:3 on the 10th of the month וְיִקְחוּthen let them take, Numbers 16:5; Isaiah 43:4; Hosea 4:6; Hosea 10:10; Psalm 69:33; Job 15:17; 2 Samuel 22:41; Proverbs 23:24 Kt (Dr^{§ 125}); β. separated from the verb, Exodus 8:22; Leviticus 7:16וּמִמָּחֳרָתוְהַנּוֺתָר יֵאָכֵל and on the morrow, then the remainder shall be eaten, Joshua 3:3; 1 Kings 8:32; Isaiah 8:7; Isaiah 48:7; Job 14:7; Job 20:18; b Job 23:12; Job 25:5; Job 32:14 +; γ. without a verb, Genesis 40:9בַּחֲלֹמִי וְהִנֵּה in my dream, behold, a vine was before me, Genesis 40:16; 2 Samuel 23:3f.; Proverbs 10:25, and the extreme cases 2 Samuel 15:34 thy father's slave, וַאֲנִי מֵאָז I was that of old, — but now וַאֲנִי עַבְדְּךָwell, I will be thine, Isaiah 34:12 (si vera lectio), Job 4:6b תִּקְוָָֽתְךָ וְתֹם דְּרָכֶיךָ thy confidence — it is the uprightness of thy ways, Job 36:26מִסְמַּר שָׁנָיו וְלֹא חֵקֶר Ges. seine Jahre, da ist kein Zählen (compare Dr^{§ 124-5, 128-9}). — With 4, 5 compare the Arabic , W^{i. § 366}b, 367 c; ii. § 187; Dr^{§ 185}end.

ז

ז, Zâyin, seventh letter; used as numeral 7 in modern Hebrew; no evidence of this usage in OT times.

זאב (√ of following; according to Fl^{Bericht d. sächs. G. d. W. i. (1846-47) 430 f.=Kleinere Schriften iii. 212 f.}id quod Arabic drive away, and despise, drive or frighten away, whence , , זְאֵב wolf, as driven or chased away; compare Hom^{NS 304} MV and others)

ח

ח, „êth, 8th letter;=numeral 8 in post Biblical Hebrew

[חֹב], חֻבִּי see below חבב. below

ט

ט, Têth, ninth letter;=numeral 9 in post Biblical Hebrew; טו֞=15(9 + 6), טז֞=16 (9 + 7), to avoid יה֞ and יו֞, see י, Ges^{§ 5}. 4, R 3 Nes^{ZAW 1884, 249}.

י

י, Yôdh, tenth letter; used as numeral 10 in post-Biblical Hebrew; יא or א׳׳י=11; יב, ב׳׳י=12, etc.; 14 and 15, however, are not ה׳׳י, ו׳׳י, which might stand for abbreviation of יהוה, but ו׳׳ט, ז׳׳ט, see ט, and Ges^{§ 5}. 4. R. 3 a.

כ

כ, כּ eleventh letter; used as numeral 20 in post Biblical Hebrew; כא=21, כב=22, etc.

כְּ properly

substantivethe like of, like, as (Aramaic כ, Phoenician כ, Arabic , Sabean in כעד דאas till now DHM^{ZMG xxix. 615}, Assyrian Ki, kima, Dl^{HWB 325 f.}) — before tone-syllable כָּ, as כָּזֶה, כָּאֵ֫לֶּה, כָּחֵ֫מָּה; with suffix כָּכֶםNumbers 15:15 7t. (Job 16:4 כָּכֵם: Kö^{ii. 1. 285}), כָּהֶם2 Kings 17:15, כָּהֶןEzekiel 18:14 [also with nom. forms, כָּהֵ֫מָּה, כָּהֵם, כָּהֵ֫נָּה; see הֵמָּה

8; compare Arabic , , etc.], before light suffix, in the form כְּמוֺ (q. v.), namely כָּמֹנִי, כָּמוֺנִיGenesis 44:15 16t., כָּמוֺךָGenesis 41:39 28t., כָּמֹכָהExodus 15:11 (twice in verse), כָּמֹהוּExodus 9:18 23t., כָּמוֺהָExodus 11:6 2t., כָּמֹנוֺGenesis 34:15 3t.; also כְּמוֺכֶםJob 12:3, כְּמוֺהֶםJudges 8:18; Psalm 115:8; Psalm 135:18. Prop. an undeveloped substantive, capable of standing in any case and followed (like ) always by a Genitive, as 1 Samuel 20:3כפשׂע׳כ for there is (nominative) the like of a footstep (Arabic ) between me and death, Genesis 41:38הנמצא כזה shall be we find (accusative) the like of this one ? (see especially Fl^{Kl. Schrr. i. 376 ff.} Mühlau, in Bö^{ii. 64 f.}, with many Arabic examples; also W^{AG i. § 356 R. c.; ii. § 63} Ges^{§ 118}. 6; compare, for both usage and construction, the Latin instar: this view criticized by Kö^{ii. 1, 279 ff.}, who treats כְּ as demonstrative adverb); but Hebrew having no case-endings, its proper sense was doubtless forgotten, and כְּ became practically equivalent to a preposition like, as: —

1. a.quantitatively (like the Arabic measure, number, size, of . . . :as many as 100), to express exact or approximate equality, in the latter case the like of is=about:Deuteronomy 1:11 Yahweh add to you ככם אלף פעמיםthe like of you (Saad ) 1000 times (compare 2 Samuel 24:3), Exodus 12:37כשׁשׁ מאוֺת אלף רגליthe like of (i.e. about) 600,000 footmen, Exodus 32:28כשׁלשׁת אלפי אישׁ, Joshua 4:13; Joshua 7:3; 1 Samuel 9:22; 1 Samuel 25:38ויהי כעשׂרת הימים (nomin.) and there was the like of (=about) 10 days, and, etc. Ruth 2:17כאיפה שׂערים, etc., compare כַּמָּהthe like of what ?=how many ? (see מָה); as accusative of space or time, Numbers 11:31כדרך יוםthe like of a day's journey, Joshua 3:4; Joshua 10:13כיום תמיםabout a whole day (Arabic ), Ruth 1:4כעשׂר שׁגים. So (as adverb accusative) with words denoting a point of time: often with עֵת, as כָּעֵת הַזּאֹת literally at the like of this time=about this time, Joshua 11:6 and elsewhere, כָּעֵתמָחָר at the like of the time, (being) to-morrow=about to-morrow, Exodus 9:18 +, כָּעֵת חַיָּה (see חי), Isaiah 8:23כעת הראשׁיןat the former time, כָּעֵת alone=at the (present) time, nowNumbers 23:23; Judges 13:23; Isaiah 23:5 (unusual) כְּשֵׁמַע צֹר; so כְּהַיּוֺם, כַּיּוֺם (see יוֺם7h), כִּמְעַט, כְּרֶגַע; and especially with infinitive, see

3b. b.qualitatively (like Arabic likeness of . . .), to express resemblance in respect of some attribute, action, character, appearance, etc.: so very often; as subject of a sentence, Numbers 9:15כמראהאשׁthe like of (=as it were) an appearance of fire was, etc. (compare Ezekiel 1:4,26 a.; Ezekiel 1:27; Daniel 8:15; Daniel 10:18), Dan 23:22 כתועפות ראם לו, Exodus 24:10; Deuteronomy 4:32הנהיה כדבר הגדולהזה hath there been the like of this great thing ? Deuteronomy 9:10; Joshua 10:14; Hosea 9:1; Isaiah 23:15; Psalm 58:5; Proverbs 16:27; Lamentations 1:20בַּבַּיִת כַּמָּוֶת, Ecclesiastes 8:14; Leviticus 14:35כְּנֶגַע נראה בביתיthe like of (i.e. a kind of) mark; מִי כָמוֺכָה who is the like of thee ? Exodus 15:11 (Saad ) +; as Genitive אֵין כָּמוֺךָ1 Samuel 10:24; 2 Samuel 7:22 +; as predicate, Judges 8:21כָּאִישׁ גְּבוּרָתוֺ, Habakkuk 2:5וְהוּא כַמָּוֶת, Psalm 17:14; Psalm 89:30וכסאו כימי שׁמים (of time: so Psalm 17:37), Psalm 125:1, etc.; after a verb, היה כְּ to become the like of (like), Genesis 3:5 + often (see היה

II. 2 c), compare after שִׂיםGenesis 13:16 +, נתןGenesis 42:30 +, שִׁיתPsalm 83:12 +, שִׁוָּהPsalm 18:34, נֶחְשַׁבPsalm 44:23 +, נִמְשַׁלPsalm 49:13, הִרְבָּהGenesis 22:17 +; add כָּזֹאת, כָּאֵלֶּהthe like of this (these), i.e. tale, talia (whether nom. or accusative) Judges 13:23; Judges 15:7; Judges 20:30; Leviticus 10:19 + (see זֹאת, אֵלֶּה). Cases such as to give or reward a man כמעשׂהו, כרעתו, etc., the like of his doings, etc., 2 Samuel 3:39; 1 Kings 8:32; Psalm 18:25; Psalm 28:4, to speak כדבר הזה or כדברים האלהGenesis 18:25; Genesis 24:28

c.as an accusative of mode or limitation, in or with the like of (=like, as according to, κατά); — (1) expressing conformity to a standard or rule: Genesis 1:26 let us make man כדמותנוaccording to our likeness, Genesis 9:3; Joshua 19:47; Judges 20:10; 1 Samuel 13:14 hath looked out אישׁכלבבו a man according to his own heart (Jeremiah 3:15); to do a thing כמשׁפט הזהJoshua 6:15, compare Genesis 40:13; 2 Kings 11:14, etc., ׳כדבר פGenesis 44:2 + often, כְּצִדְקִיPsalm 7:9, כְּחַסְדְּךָPsalm 51:3, בַּכָּתוּבaccording to what is written Joshua 8:31,34 +, בלא ככתיב (late) 2 Chronicles 30:18, etc. (2) in comparisons: qualifying an adjective, Exodus 16:14דַּק כַּכְּפוֺר, Songs 6:10יָפָה כַלְּבָנָה, compare Genesis 13:10; a verb Psalm 7:3מֶּןיִֿטְרֹף כְּאַרְיֵה, Psalm 19:6יָשִׂישׂ כְּגִבּוֺר, Isaiah 42:13, etc.; with the tertium compare. attached in a relative clause, Deuteronomy 32:11בַּנֶּשֶׁר יָעִיר קִנִּיlike the great vulture, (that) stirreth up its nest, Job 9:26; Job 11:16; Isaiah 61:10like the bride, who putteth on, etc., Isaiah 62:1כְּלַמִּיד יִבְעַרlike a touch (that) burns (on the presence or absence of the article in such cases, see הַ1f), Psalm 42:2; Psalm 83:15 (below 2d) + often (compare Dr^{§ 34:}כְּ is not in these cases to be construed as a conjunction [=כַּאֲשֶׁכ] with the verb: see De^{Ps 38:14} Ges^{§ 155}, 2 b, 1 R.).

d. sometimes כְּ is used in particular to compare an object with the class to which it belongs, and express its correspondence with the idea which it ought to realize: Isaiah 13:6 (=Joel 1:15) of the ׳יום י, כְּשֹׁד מִשַּׁדֵּי יָבוֺא i.e. it comes as a veritable, or ideal, destruction from Shaddai, Isaiah 29:2 of Ariel (Isa 29:1) והיתה לי כאריאל i.e. shall be to me as a TRUE Ariel (compare Ges^{§ 118x}): so also, according to Hi De, Isaiah 10:13; Ezekiel 26:10; Zechariah 14:3; 2 Samuel 9:8; Psalm 122:3; Songs 8:10 (see De), Ecclesiastes 10:5; Nehemiah 7:2. The older grammarians called this the Kaph veritatis (a translations of Ki's כף֞ הָאֲמִתּוּת, כף֞ לאמת הדבר, Michl^{45a (Lyck)}, Comm^{Joshua 3:4; 1 Samuel 9:13; Isaiah 1:7; Hosea 5:10,} or כף֞ הָאֲמִתִּי, Lexicon under the word יוֺם): they extended it unduly (e.g. to Numbers 11:1; Lamentations 1:20; Hosea 11:4).

2repeated, כְּכְּ֗֗֗, to signify the completeness of the correspondency between two objects (peculiar to Hebrew):

a.in a principal clause, Genesis 18:25וְהָיָה כַצַּדִּיק בָּרָשָׁע literally that the like of the righteous be the like of the wicked, i.e. that the righteous be as the wicked, Genesis 44:18כמיך כפרעהthe like of thee is the like of Pharaoh, i.e. thou art as Pharaoh, Leviticus 24:22כַּגֵּר כָּאֶזְרָח יִהְיֶה, 1 Kings 22:4כָּמֹנִי כָמוֺךָ כְּעַמִּי כְעַמְּךָ (Van Dyck ), Haggai 2:3הֲלוֺא כָמֹהוּ כְּאַיִן בְּעֵינֵיכֶם is not the like of it the like of nothing in your eyes ? i.e. is it not like nothing in your eyes ? Psalm 139:12כַּחֲשֵׁיכָה כָּאוֺרָה i.e. the darkness (to thee) is as the light. Usually the first term is the subject and the second is the standard with which it is compared: but occas. the terms are inverted, as Leviticus 7:7; Numbers 15:15; Judges 8:18כמוך כמוהם (Van Dyck ), Hosea 4:9; Isaiah 24:2, compare Isaiah 59:18Note, below)

b.in a subordinate clause (to be regarded as subordinated in the accusative to the principal verb); (α) attached to the subject of the principal verb, Leviticus 24:16כגר כאזרחי֗֗֗ומת he shall be put to death, the like of the stranger (being) the like of the homeborn, Joshua 8:33. (β) attached to its object, Deuteronomy 1:17כקטן כגדל תשׁמעון literally ye shall hear (them), the like of the small (being) the like of the great.

c. occasionally, for כְּכְּ֗֗֗, there occurs ׃בְּו֗֗֗כJoshua 14:11כְּכֹחִי אָז וּכְכֹחִי עָ֑תָּהthe like of my strength then, and the like of my strength now, i.e. they are similar (compare וְ1j) 1 Samuel 30:24; Ezekiel 18:4; Daniel 11:29.

d.yet more distinct thanכְּכְּ֗֗֗, is כְּכֵּ֗֗֗ן; in a nominal sentence (Ges^{§ 140-1}), 'כְּ with its Genitive forming the predicate, and כֵּן resuming it with emphasis and connecting it with the subject;' 1 Samuel 25:25כִּי כִשְׁמוֺ כֶּןהֿוּא for the like of his name, such (or so) is he, Genesis 44:10; Joshua 2:21; Jeremiah 18:6; Psalm 48:11; Psalm 127:4; Proverbs 10:26 +; in a verbal sentence, 'כְּ preceding, as an accusative of state, and giving the secundum comparationis, and כֵּן resuming it,' Joel 2:4כפרשׁים כן ירוצון 'instar (accusative) equitum, sic currunt' (Fl^l.c.), Hosea 4:7 literally with (or in) the likeness of their multiplying, so they sinned against me, Genesis 6:22; 1 Samuel 8:8; Isaiah 38:14; Ezekiel 22:22; Psalm 42:2; Psalm 83:15

3 before an infinitive:

a.like (literally with or in the likeness of . . .), Judges 14:6כְּשַׁסַּע הַגְּדִיlike the rending of a kid, i.e. as when a kid is rent (by a lion), 2 Samuel 3:34; Isaiah 5:24; Psalm 66:10; Psalm 68:3; Job 2:10, etc.;=as if, Isaiah 10:15 or shall the saw magnify itself against him that wieldeth it כהניף שׁבט אתמֿרימיוwith the like of a staff's shaking (=as if a staff were to shake) him that lifted it !

b.of time, about, at, whether of the past or of the future: Genesis 19:17כהוציאםאותםat their bringing them forth, i.e. as or when they brought them forth Genesis 24:30; Genesis 29:13; Genesis 39:10,13 + very often; of the future, Genesis 44:30,31; Deuteronomy 20:2,9; 2 Samuel 13:28 +; Isaiah 28:20b (different from Isaiah 28:29 a) and the covering is (too) narrow when one gathers oneself in. Occasionally with the verbal noun, Hosea 13:6כמרעיתםat the time of their feeding, Isaiah 30:19כְּשָׁמְעָתוֺ; וּכְחֶזְקָתוֺ2Chronicles 12:1; 26:16; Daniel 11:2 (Ew^{§ 238 a, 239 a}): compare Isaiah 23:5b כְּשֵׁמַע צֹר. With the participle Genesis 38:29 (si vera lectio), perhaps Genesis 40:10; compare Dr^{§ 135. 6}, Obs.2

Note. — כְּ is rarely prefixed to prepositions, the only examples which occur being the idiomatic כְּבָרִאשֹׁנָה, Judges 20:32; 1 Kings 13:6; Isaiah 1:26; Jeremiah 33:7,11; כְּבַתְּחִלָּה in the "" clause Isaiah 50.; כְּבַחֲצִי1 Samuel 14:14 (apparently corrupt); כְּמִשְׁלשׁ חֳדָשִׁיםGenesis 38:24 (and probably כְמֵחֹדֶשׁ1 Samuel 10:27ᵐ5); כְּמִמְּנֵיLeviticus 26:37; כְּעַל (late):

a. pleon. for כְּ (עַל=according to), Isaiah 63:7כְּעַל כָּלאֲֿשֶׁר עָשָׂה, Isaiah 59:18, כְּעַל גְּמֻלוֺת כְּעַל יְשַׁלֵּםthe like of their deeds is the like of (that which) he will repay (ellipse of rel., as Job 34:32, etc.);

b.=as overPsalm 119:14,=as concerning2Chronicles 32:19. Where logically a preposition would seem to be required after כ, it is in Hebrew regularly omitted (Ges^{§ 118}. 3 R), the nature of כְּ, as explained above, not in fact admitting it; thus Isaiah 1:25 I will purge away thy dross כַּבֹּר [not, as in English, like as with lye, but] (with) the like of lye (כ being an accusative defining the mode in which אצרף takes place); Isaiah 5:17כְּדָבְרָם in English as in their pasture, Judges 20:39; כְּיוֺם as in day of, Isaiah 9:3; Psalm 95:8 +, כִּימֵיJob 29:3 who will set me as in the days of old ! Isaiah 51:9 +, כְּנֹקֶף זַיִת as at, etc., Isaiah 17:6: so with לְPsalm 83:10; Job 29:23, עלJob 30:5. כְּ is used also pregnantly with substantives, Psalm 18:34 who meketh my feet like hinds (for like the feet of hinds), Isaiah 29:4; Isaiah 63:2בגדיך כדורך בגת, Jeremiah 50:9; Job 40:9 and elsewhere compare Ges^{§§ 118. 6; 141. 2 R. n.}

ל

ל, twelfth letter; used as numeral 30 in Post-Biblical Hebrew

לְ

prepositionto, for, in regard to (Moabite, Phoenician ל, Aramaic לְ, Arabic Ethiopic Assyrian la in lapân=לִפְנֵי, Dl^{HWB 530}), before tone-syllables usually לָ (Kö^{ii. 276 f.}); with suffix לִי; לְךָ, לְכָהGenesis 27:37; 2 Samuel 18:22; Isaiah 3:6, לָ֑ךְ; feminine לָךְ, לֵכִי2 Kings 4:2; Songs 2:13 Kt (probably North Palestinian dialect : compare Syriac ); לוֺ (15 t., according to Masoretes, written incorrectly לֹא: see לֹאnote); לָהּ; לָהֿNumbers 32:42; Zechariah 5:11; Ruth 2:14; לָ֫נוּ; לָכֶםלָכֶ֫נָהEzekiel 13:18 (לָכֶן does not occur); לָהֶם, in poetry לָ֫מוֺ (55 t., including a few cases where, according to many, it stands for לוֺ: compare Ges^{§ 103}. 2a, n. Di^{Isaiah 44:15. 53, 8}), [also לָהֵ֫מָּהJeremiah 14:16]; לָהֶן [ לָהֵן (q. v.) Ruth 1:13 (twice in verse), לָהֵ֫נָּה5t., see הֵמָּה].

Prepositiondenoting direction (not properly motion, as אֶל) towards, or reference to; and hence used in many varied applications, in some of which the idea of direction predominates, in others that of reference (compare Gies^{Die Präp. Lamed, 1876}): —

1 very often, with various classes of verbs, to, towards, for: namely

a. verbs of looking, listening, attending, waiting, etc., as האמין, התחֹלל, יחל, הוחיל, נכסף, כלה (Psalm 84:3 + ), אזן, הטה, שׁת) לב, הכין, נתן (נטה, קִוָּה, הקשׁיב, שׁמע (sometimes), צמא to thirst for (Exodus 17:3; Psalm 42:3), השׁתחוה (toGenesis 37:10, towardsPsalm 99:5); sometimes also with האזין, הביט, נִבַּט, ראה, נפשׁ, נשׂא (see these verbs; many are also construed with other prepositions); Isaiah 51:6; Psalm 44:21; pregnantly Isaiah 38:14; השׁתאה לGenesis 24:21, החרישׁלNumbers 30:5; Numbers 30:8: sometimes without a verb, as Judges 5:9לִבִּי לְ, Jeremiah 5:3עיניך ל, Psalm 33:18 ("" אל), Psalm 39:8תוחלתי לך היא, Psalm 120:7המה למלחמה, Psalm 130:6נפשׁילאדני (compare Isaiah 26:8), Isa 143:6; Daniel 11:27; 2Chronicles 3:13; 32:2.

b.with verbs ofsaying, calling, singing, vowing, sacrificing, etc., as אמר, דבר (chiefly with God as subject=promise, Genesis 24:7; 1 Kings 5:26 +, especially in D כאשׁר דבר לְDeuteronomy 1:11 (see Dr), Deuteronomy 1:21 etc.; with human subject Genesis 49:28; Judges 14:7; 1 Kings 2:19 and elsewhere (Gie^42f.: דבר אל is more common), זבח, זמּר, הודה, הגיד, נדר, נשׂא יד (in oath) Ezekiel 20:5,6,23; Psalm 106:26, קִטֵר, הריע, נשׁבע, שָׁר etc.

c.with verbs ofgiving, leaving, bringing, offering etc., as הביא, הִמִּילallot (Joshua 13:6), נתן, הסגיר, עזבPsalm 16:9 abandon to Sheol Isaiah 18:6, הקריבּLeviticus 17:4, שׁוב=to be returnedDeuteronomy 28:31, השׁיב=bring backDeuteronomy 22:1,=requite2 Samuel 16:12, שִׁלַּח, etc.

d.with verbs of dealing, actingtowards (whether with friendly or hostile intent), as עשׂה לGenesis 19:8 + often, גמל לIsaiah 3:9; so with הֵייטִב, הֵרַע, הֵמַר, חָטָא to sin against (Genesis 20:9 +), אָשָׁם to be guilty towards (Leviticus 5:19), שַׁקֵּר, כִּחֵשׁ to lie to, כִּזֵּב; with verbs of mocking or laughing against, at, as לעג לְPsalm 2:4, שׂחק לְPsalm 37:13, שׂמח לְ to rejoice overPsalm 35:19; Ezekiel 35:15, causative שִׂמַּח לְPsalm 30:2, עלץ לְPsalm 25:2: with other verbs denoting hostility (less common than ב or על), Genesis 27:42מתנחם לך להרגך, 2 Kings 5:7; Exodus 11:7 (so Joshua 10:21: compare Job 16:9), Jeremiah 25:31; Jeremiah 50:9; Psalm 7:14; Psalm 37:12; Psalm 56:3; Psalm 106:16קנא לְ (usually In good sense,

5gc)Job 20:27; 34:37. And with adjectives, as Psalm 73:1טוב ל good to, Genesis 13:13׳רָעִים וְחַטָּאִים ליtowards׳י2 Samuel 22:24תָּמִים לוֺ ("" Psalm 18:24עִמּוֺ), Psalm 89:29נֶאֱמֶנֶת לוֺ; with substantive (rare) Exodus 32:12; Lamentations 3:60 (synonym V:61 על).

e.with words denoting what is pleasurable or the reverse, asנעם לְ2 Samuel 1:26, ערב לHosea 9:4, יֵמַר לְIsaiah 24:7, טוֺב לְ (adjective) 1 Samuel 1:8, נָקֵל לְ2 Kings 20:10, also הועיל לסכן ל to be profitable to; and with neuter verbs, to denote the subject of a sensation or emotion, as טוֺב לְ to be well to (with), Deuteronomy 5:30; Deuteronomy 19:13 +, מַר לְRuth 1:13, צַר לְ1 Samuel 13:6 + often, כְּרֹב לְHosea 10:1, רָוַח לְ1 Samuel 16:23, חַם לְ to be warm to, 1 Kings 1:1, רַע לְPsalm 106:32, חָרָה לְ it was hot (=anger arose) toGenesis 4:6 + often, חָֽשְׁכָה לְMicah 3:6. And with passive Vbs., נִסְלַח לוֺ it is forgiven to him=he is forgiven Leviticus 4:26 + often; otherwise rare, נִרְצָה לְLeviticus 1:4, נִרְמָּא לָנוּ it is healed to us=we are healed Isaiah 53:5, הוּנַח לLamentations 5:5, יְבֻלַּע לְ2 Samuel 17:16 (see Dr).

f.with verbs ofreaching to, touching, attaching etc., as אסר ל to bind to, חבשׁ, דבקPsalm 44:26, מצא to reach toIsaiah 10:10,14; Psalm 21:9, הגיעExodus 4:25, נצמדNumbers 25:5, קרוב (adjective) Ruth 2:20; out of connection with a verb (almost=עַד), Joshua 16:1; Psalm 59:14; Job 28:3; Nehemiah 3:15; 2Chronicles 33:14, and correl. to מִן (see מִן5).

g.with verbs ofmotion,as הלך, באשָׁב etc. (not so common as אל, or the simple accusative with or without הlocative) — (a) with places, rare in early prose, Joshua 1:15; Joshua 8:14; Judges 1:34; Judges 20:10 (but see GFM), 1 Samuel 9:12; 1 Samuel 20:25; 2 Kings 3:27, except in particular phrases, namely למקומוGenesis 18:33, לדרכוGenesis 32:2, לאהליו1 Samuel 4:10 (also with other suffixes: all these + often, especially with שׂוב and הלך, or preceded by distributive אישׁלאהליו(ךׅ, also, without verb, as exclamation, 2 Samuel 20:1; 1 Kings 12:16), לארצוGenesis 30:25+, אִישׁ לִירֻשָּׁתוֺDeuteronomy 3:20, אישׁ לנחלתוJoshua 24:28 +, אישׁלעירו1 Samuel 8:22; Nehemiah 13:10: often In late Hebrew, as Job 4:5; 1 Chronicles 4:39,42; 1 Chronicles 5:26; 1 Chronicles 12:1; 1 Chronicles 12:9; 1 Chronicles 22:18; 1 Chronicles 24:19; 2Chronicles 1:3; 8:17 + often Chronicles, Ezra 2:68 +, Nehemiah 10:35ff.; Esther 6:4; Psalm 96:8; Psalm 132:7; Psalm 146:4: לירושׁלםJeremiah 3:17b (omitted by ᵐ5), Zechariah 1:16, and often Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah (as 2Chronicles 11:14; 19:1; 30:3,11), לשׁמרון2Chronicles 18:2; 28:8,9, לבבלJeremiah 51:2; Ezra 2:1; 1 Chronicles 9:1; 2Chronicles 36:7 (but earlier always ירושׁלם, שׁמרון, בבל or בבלה); and in poetry Judges 5:11; Isaiah 22:1; Isaiah 23:17; Isaiah 49:18; Isaiah 51:14 (pregnantly) ימות לשׁחת, Isaiah 59:20; Isaiah 60:4,5,7; Isaiah 65:12; Jeremiah 31:17; Jeremiah 48:15; Jeremiah 50:27; Micah 1:12; Zechariah 9:12; Psalm 7:8; Psalm 68:19; Psalm 74:3; Songs 4:16; Songs 5:1; Songs 6:2; Songs 7:13נשׁכימה לכרמים, Job 10:19; Job 20:6; הוציא לְPsalm 18:20; Psalm 66:12, לאורMicah 7:9; Job 12:22. יוּבַל לHosea 10:6 + : without a verb, Isaiah 23:5; Hosea 7:12. Also לָאָרֶץ, with many verbs, both in sense down to the earth, Isaiah 14:12; Isaiah 21:9; Isaiah 28:2; Amos 3:14; Amos 5:7; Ezekiel 26:11; Psalm 7:6 +, with חִלֵּל (pregnantly) Psalm 74:7; Psalm 89:40, and idiomatically with ישׁב to sit on the earth, Isaiah 3:26; Isaiah 47:1; Job 2:13 +, without verb Isaiah 26:9: so לֶעָפָרJob 7:21; Psalm 7:6, הוריד לשׁחתEzekiel 28:8. (b) with persons, not very common, Deuteronomy 32:35; Isaiah 31:6; Isaiah 57:9; Jeremiah 3:22אָתָנוּ לָ֑ךְ, Psalm 45:15; Psalm 119:79; Job 18:14; 1 Chronicles 12:16; Nehemiah 6:19, לְעַמִּיNumbers 24:14; Ruth 1:10: בא לְ, especially with pronoun לְךָ, לָהּ etc. (friendly) 2 Samuel 12:4; Zechariah 9:9; Amos 6:1, (hostile) 2 Samuel 5:23; Jeremiah 46:22; Jeremiah 49:9; Jeremiah 50:26; Jeremiah 51:48,53; with athing as subject Deuteronomy 33:16 (לראשׁ), 2 Samuel 24:13; Isaiah 47:9; Job 3:25 (compare Isaiah 66:4), Jeremiah 4:12; Jeremiah 22:33בְּבאֹ לָךְחֲבָלִים (so Hosea 13:13; Isaiah 66:7). And with verbs of placing (where עַל would be more usually) Psalm 21:4תָּשִׁית לְראֹשׁוֺ עֲטֶרֶת מָּז, Psalm 22:16; Psalm 66:12, with לְכִסֵּאPsalm 9:5; Psalm 132:11; Psalm 132:12; Job 36:7: compare נָפַל לְאַמָּיוּ, הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה, Genesis 48:12 + (also ׳עַל א).

i.expressingaddition (rare); Isaiah 28:10,13 צַו לָצַוקַו לָקַו, Isaiah 56:8 (resuming על), Ecclesiastes 7:27אחת לאחת (adding) one to another, Ezra 8:24; Nehemiah 11:17 (על is more usual in this sense).

2 Expressing locality, at, near, idiomatic in the phrases לִפְנֵי=before (sometimes after verbs of motion, as 1 Kings 1:23, but very often otherwise), לְעֵינֵיin the sight of, לְיַד, לִימִין, לִשְׂמאֹל (only Ecclesiastes 10:2), לפתחat the entrance (of), Genesis 4:7; Numbers 11:10 +; in other, rarer connections, Numbers 20:24לְמֵי ֗֗֗ (usually על), Judges 5:16 ("" Judges 5:15ב), לְחוֺףGenesis 49:13 (twice in verse); Judges 5:17, לְפִיPsalm 141:7; Proverbs 8:3; Hosea 5:1לְמִצְמָּה, 2 Chronicles 35:15. לִפְנִימָה=within, 1 Kings 6:30; Ezekiel 40:16.

3 To denote the object of a verb —

a. with the Hiph`il, mostly of intransitive verbs, properly (as it seems) a dativus commodi [dative of benefit], as הֵנִיחַ לְ to give rest to, הִרְחִיב to give width to, הֵצַר לְ, הֵצִיק לְ, exceptionally also with other words, as הִרְגִּיוּ, הוֺכִיחַ, הִצְדִּיק to give righteousness to, Isaiah 53:11, הֶחֱיָהGenesis 45:7, הֵבִיןgive understanding to (late), הִצְלִיחַ (do.), הִרְבָּהHosea 10:1, הִשְׂגִּיאJob 12:23, הִפְתָּהGenesis 9:27give breadth to.

b. with other verbs, sporadically early (if the text be sound), but mostly late, in conseq. of Aramaic influence (in Aramaic the accusative being constantly denoted by ל), as אהבLeviticus 19:18,34; 2Chronicles 19:2, הרג2 Samuel 3:30; Job 5:2, בוּז (mostly), בזה2 Samuel 6:16, sometimes also זכרto remember, עבדto serve (work or do service for), עזר (2 Samuel 8:5, and especially late), דרשׁ (especially Chronicles), הִלֵּל (only Chronicles Ezra), רפא (probably the dativus commodi [dative of benefit]), שִׂחֵת1 Samuel 23:10; Numbers 32:15, נִדָּהAmos 6:3, גִּדֵּלPsalm 34:4, מִּתַּחPsalm 116:16, כִּבֵּדPsalm 86:9; Daniel 11:38, חִזַּק1 Chronicles 26:27; 1 Chronicles 29:12, בֵּרַךְ1 Chronicles 29:20; Nehemiah 11:2, חֵרֵף2Chronicles 32:17; see also 1 Samuel 22:7; 2 Kings 8:6; Jeremiah 16:6; Jeremiah 40:2; Jonah 4:6; Psalm 69:6; Psalm 73:18; Psalm 135:11; Psalm 136:19; Psalm 136:20; Proverbs 17:26; Job 12:23b Lamentations 4:5; 1 Chronicles 16:37; 1 Chronicles 18:6 (הושׁיע, altered from 2 Samuel 8:6: so Psalm 116:6), 1 Chronicles 25:1; 1 Chronicles 29:22 (twice in verse); 2Chronicles 5:11; 6:42; 17:7; 24:5; 34:13 (usually על), Ezra 8:16; at the end of an enumeration, 1 Chronicles 28:1b; 2Chronicles 24:12b; 2 Chronicles 26:14b; 2 Chronicles 28:23; marking the definite object in apposition, 1 Chronicles 29:18; 2Chron 2:12; 2 Chronicles 23:1; Psalm 135:11; Psalm 136:19; Psalm 136:20 (=earlier את, Genesis 26:34; Judges 3:15; Isaiah 7:6; Isaiah 8:2); after a suffix (in Syriac fashion), 1 Chronicles 5:26׳וַיַּגְלֵם ל, 1 Chronicles 23:6; 2Chronicles 25:5,10; 28:15, compare Nehemiah 9:32; defining anomalously the suffix of a noun, Numbers 29:18,21,24 etc. 1 Chronicles 7:5הִתְיַחֲשָׂםלַכֹּל, 2 Chronicles 31:16,18; Ezra 9:1; Ezra 10:14. (But in sentences of the type אֵין דּוֺרֵשׁ לְנַפְשִׁיPsalm 142:5; b Psalm 72:12; Isaiah 51:18; Jeremiah 14:16; Jeremiah 49:5; Lamentations 1:7,9,17,21, the ל belongs probably to ׃אין compare the "" types אֵין לִי מַכִּירPsalm 142:5 a Deuteronomy 28:31; Jeremiah 50:32; Lamentations 1:2, דֹּרֵשׁ אֵין לָהּJeremiah 30:17; Lamentations 4:4.) compare Ges^{§ 117n}.

4Into (εἰς), of a transition into a new state or condition, or into a new character or office: —

a.Genesis 2:22וַיִּבֶן אֶתהַֿצֵּלָע לְאִשָּׁהinto a woman, Genesis 12:2וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ לְגוֺי גָּדוֺלinto a great nation, and very often with this and similar verbs, as Exodus 26:7; Isaiah 44:17,19, שָׂםGenesis 46:3; Isaiah 5:20 make bitter into sweet etc., Isaiah 28:17, נָתַןIsaiah 42:6, also in such phrases as לְשַׁמָּהשָׂם to make into a desolation Isaiah 13:9; Jeremiah 4:7 etc. Jeremiah 19:8; הפך ל to change intoExodus 7:15; Deuteronomy 23:6 +, to cut or divide intoGenesis 32:8; Judges 19:29; Isaiah 11:15 +, שָׂרַף לְ to burn intoAmos 2:1; Deuteronomy 9:21דַּק לְעָפָרפעלPsalm 7:14 maketh into (or to be) flaming ones; היה לto become, in many different connections, as Genesis 2:7ויהי האדם לנפשׁ חיהbecame a living soul (see היה

II. 2 e, p. 226 a); משׁח למלך (לנגיד ׅ to anoint so as to be king, as king (German 'zum Konig': compare Old English to, as Judges 17:13 and 'We have Abraham to our father'), 1 Samuel 9:16; 1 Samuel 15:1 etc., צִוָּה לְ to appoint as1 Samuel 13:14; 1 Samuel 25:30; שׁת לְPsalm 45:17; even more freely, as דִּבֶּר עָלַי לְמֶלֶךְ1 Kings 14:2, compare 2 Samuel 3:17; 1 Chronicles 29:23; חשׁב ל to count for (or as) Genesis 38:15 + often; Exodus 21:7 when a man sells his daughter לְאָמָהfor, as, a female slave, Deuteronomy 6:8 to bind לְאוֺתfor, as, a sign, הִתְיַצֵּב(יָצָא) לְשָׂטָןso as to be an adversary Numbers 22:22,32, קום (הקים) לְאֹרֵב1 Samuel 22:8,13, עמד לְIsaiah 11:10; Daniel 11:1, יצא לַחָפְשִׁי to go forth into the state of one free Exodus 21:2 (compare Exodus 21:26; Exodus 21:27 after שׁלח), 2 Kings 25:12; Isaiah 14:2; Jeremiah 34:11; Psalm 48:4נודע לְ hath made himself known as, Psalm 87:4הזכיר לְ to mention as, Ezekiel 13:20; in poetry Job 39:16הִקְשִׁיחַ בָּנֶיהָ לְלֹאלָֿהּ treats her young ones hardly (turning them) into none of hers: without a verb (poetry, or late prose) Micah 1:14; Nahum 1:7; Habakkuk 1:11זוֺ כֹחוֺ לֵאלֹהוֺ, Zechariah 4:7; Lamentations 4:3; Job 13:12; Haggai 1:9; 1 Chronicles 21:12; 1 Chronicles 26:29; 1 Chronicles 28:18b 2Chronicles 23:4.

b. this usage is also combined idiomatically, with great frequency, with a 2nd לְ, of reference (

5ad), giving rise to such phrases as Genesis 1:29לָכֶם יִהְיֶה לְאָכְלָה to you it shall be for food (see היה

II. 2 f, p. 226 b), Genesis 45:8וַיְשִׂימֵנִילְאָב לְפַרְעֹה, Genesis 47:26; Deuteronomy 28:9,25; Judges 1:33; 1 Samuel 2:28; Isaiah 21:4; Isaiah 28:18b וִהְיִיתֶם לוֺ לְמִרְמָס, Isaiah 49:5יֹצְרִי מִבֶּטֶן לְעֶבֶד לוֺ, Isaiah 63:8,10; וַיֵּהָפֵךְ לָהֶם לְאוֺיֵב (Job 30:21), Jeremiah 15:4,20; Jeremiah 20:4; Jeremiah 21:9; Habakkuk 2:7; Psalm 33:12; Psalm 94:22; Psalm 132:13; Psalm 139:22; Job 13:24ותחשׁבנילאויב לך, Job 16:12 etc.

5With reference to, namely

a. defining those in reference to whom a predicate is affirmed, hence often=belonging to, of: (a) Deuteronomy 23:3דורעשׂירי לא יבא לו, Deuteronomy 23:4; Deuteronomy 23:9; Lamentations 1:10; הכרית לְ1 Samuel 2:33; 1 Kings 14:10 +; השׁבית לְJeremiah 48:35; לֹא יִכָּרֵת אִישׁ לְ1 Kings 2:4; 1 Kings 8:25 +; 1 Samuel 25:34אִם נוֺתַר לְ, Genesis 17:10המוללכם כל בשׂר, Genesis 34:15,22; Exodus 12:48; 1 Samuel 11:2; 1 Kings 14:13; ישׁב על כסא לְ2 Kings 10:30; 2 Kings 15:12; Jeremiah 13:13; Jeremiah 22:4; Psalm 132:12 compare Psalm 132:11; ראה בנים לְGenesis 50:23; Psalm 128:6; אבד לְ to perish belonging to1 Samuel 9:3,20; Isaiah 26:14; מצא לְ to find belonging toDeuteronomy 22:14; 1 Samuel 13:22; Genesis 23:16 money עֹבֵר לַסֹּחֵר current to (=with) the merchant, Numbers 9:10; Amos 9:1; Isaiah 33:14; Job 12:6: note further the pronoun in Exodus 10:5הַצֹּמֵחַ לכם מן השׂדה, Exodus 12:2,5; Exodus 26:33; Leviticus 11:29וְזֶה לָכֶם הַטָּמֵא (compare Leviticus 11:4-8), Leviticus 19:23; Leviticus 25:30; Leviticus 26:5,26 בְּשִׁבְרִי לָכֶם מַטֵּה לֶחֶם (Ezekiel 14:13), Numbers 28:19; Numbers 32:21; Numbers 34:4; Deuteronomy 28:66; Joshua 2:6הָעֲרֻכוֺת לָהּ עַל הַגָּג, Judges 16:9; Judges 19:14 (compare זָרַח לְGenesis 32:32 +), 1 Samuel 5:9; 2 Samuel 15:30; 2 Kings 4:27b נַפְשָׁהּמָרָהלָֿהּ (compare Isaiah 15:4; Jeremiah 4:19), Isaiah 23:7; Jeremiah 2:21; Micah 2:4איך ימישׁ לי, Ezekiel 16:14; Ezekiel 29:7; Psalm 110:3; also Psalm 40:7 ears hast thou digged to (or for) me, Psalm 51:12 (compare 1 Samuel 10:9), Isaiah 50:4,5 יעיר לי אזן. (b) in such phrases as Numbers 1:4אִישׁ אִישׁ לְמַטֶּה a man for (or of) a tribe, Numbers 7:11; Numbers 31:4, Deuteronomy 1:23; Joshua 3:12; Joshua 18:4; Judges 20:10 ten men לַמֵּאָהof 100, 100 of1000etc.; רִאשׁוֺן לְ=first ofExodus 12:2; 2 Samuel 19:21. (c) specifically of relationship, to define a man's family or tribe, especially in Genealogies, Numbers 1:6לראובן אליצור, Numbers 1:7; Numbers 1:8 etc., Numbers 1:22; Numbers 1:24 etc., Numbers 3:21,27; 1 Chronicles 24:20,21 etc., 1 Chronicles 26:23,25 etc. + often; in the opposite order Exodus 31:2; Leviticus 24:11; Numbers 17:23אהרן לבית לוי1 Kings 15:27 etc., compare 2 Samuel 3:2,3,5, also 2 Samuel 9:3 a Genesis 20:18; Genesis 46:26,27; similarly הנשׁארים לְ2 Kings 10:11,17, הַמֵּת לְ1 Kings 14:11; 1 Kings 16:4 +. (d) denoting relation (to be to or towards one in a particular regard or capacity) Exodus 19:5והייתם לי סְגֻלָּה ye shall be to me a special possession, Exodus 22:30אנשׁי קדשׁ תהיון לי, 1 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 19:29; 1 Kings 5:15; 2 Kings 19:15; Jeremiah 12:9; Jeremiah 15:8; Jeremiah 22:6גלעד אתה לי, Jeremiah 51:20; Isaiah 54:9; Ezekiel 24:19; Psalm 12:5מִי אָדוֺן לָנוּ, Psalm 35:14כְּרֵעַ כְּאָח לִי, Psalm 99:8; Job 24:17; Job 30:29; Nehemiah 6:18; with a participle Numbers 10:25; Numbers 25:18; Numbers 35:23; Deuteronomy 4:22; Deuteronomy 19:4,6; Isaiah 11:9; Isaiah 14:2 (Dr^{§ 135, 7}Obs.); מלך לְNumbers 22:4; רַב לָכֶם it is (too) much to you, מְעַט לְ (too) little to . . .; in the phrase מִי (מָהׅאֵלֶּה לְךָ who (what) are these to thee ?=what meanest thou by these things ? Genesis 33:5,8; 2 Samuel 16:2; Ezekiel 37:18, compare Exodus 12:26; Joshua 4:6; Ezekiel 12:22; חלילה לי away be it to (or for) me ! למה לי to what purpose to me is . . . ? Genesis 27:46; Isaiah 1:11; Jeremiah 6:20; Job 30:2: often also in such phrases as מָגֵן לְ a shield toGenesis 15:1; Psalm 18:31, a strength toPsalm 28:8, an abomination toGenesis 43:32; Isaiah 1:13 +, a grief toProverbs 10:1; Proverbs 17:21; compare Jeremiah 15:10; Malachi 2:9; Psalm 89:28 etc.: note also Jonah 3:3לאלהים עיר גדולה a city great to God (i.e. in his estimation: compare Acts 7:20 ἀστεῖος τῷ θεῷ, and לפניGenesis 10:9), Esther 10:3. And with כְּJudges 17:11; 2 Samuel 12:3וַתְּהִי לוֺ כְּבַת, Exodus 22:24 (compare 4b), Amos 9:7כבני כֻשִׁיים אַתֶּם ליHosea 11:4; Isaiah 29:2; Job 33:6הֵןאֲֿנִי לָאֵל כְּפִיךָ lo, I am to God as thou art, etc.

b. denoting possession, belonging to; — (a) as predicate, in הָיָה לְ (compare Latin est mihi), יֵשׁ לְאֵין לְ constantly (see these words); also alone, as Genesis 31:16,43 לִי הוּא it is mine, Genesis 48:5לי הם, Exodus 19:5b כי לי כל הארץ, 1 Kings 20:3,4; Isaiah 43:1לי אתה, Isaiah 44:5אני׳לי, Ezekiel 29:3; Psalm 47:10; Psalm 50:10; Psalm 50:12; Job 12:13,16; Songs 2:16; Songs 6:3; 1 Samuel 1:2ולו שׁתי נשׁים and he had two wives, 1 Samuel 25:7,36; Judges 3:16; Judges 17:5; Job 22:8; 2 Samuel 17:18; Hosea 6:10, + often; with לאֹ, 1 Kings 22:17; Isaiah 53:2לא הדר לו, Jeremiah 5:10 +; with a neuter adjective (rare) Isaiah 63:2; Jeremiah 30:10אָנוּשׁ לְשִׁבְרֵךְ; note also such phrases as 2 Kings 10:19זבח גדול לי לבעל, Isaiah 2:12׳כִּי יוֺם לי׳על וג for ׳יhath a day against etc., Isaiah 22:5; Isaiah 28:2׳הִנֵּה חָזָק וְאַמִּץ לי׳יhath a strong and mighty one (that is, at his disposal), Isaiah 34:2׳על וג׳קצף לי, Isaiah 34:6 b. 8; Hosea 4:1 . . . עם׳כִּי רִיב לי, Hosea 12:3; Micah 6:2: מַהלִּֿי וָלָךְ what is there to me and to thee (?) (i.e. what have we to do with each other (?)), see שׁלום לך מָה peace be to thee ! Of that which pertains to one as a right, Leviticus 25:31,48; Deuteronomy 1:17כי המשׁפט לאלהים הוא, Deuteronomy 21:17; 1 Samuel 17:47; Jeremiah 10:23; Jeremiah 32:7,8; Ezekiel 21:32; Psalm 3:9הישׁועה׳לי, Jonah 2:10; with an infinitive 1 Samuel 23:20וְלָנוּ הַסְגִּירוֺ and it shall be for us (or our place) to deliver him, Micah 3:1הלא לכם לדעת, Ezra 4:3; 2Chronicles 13:5; 20:17; 26:18, compare Psalm 50:16מַהלְּֿךָ לְ. (b) here also belongs the so-called Lamed auctoris, Isaiah 38:9מִכְתָּב לְחִזְקִיָּהוּ a writing belonging to, of, or by H., Habakkuk 3:1; Psalm 3:1 and often מזמור לדוד a Psalm of or by David (but possibly denoting originally, at least in some cases, a Psalm belonging to a collection known as David's: so certainly in לבני קרחPsalm 42:1 and elsewhere, and probably also in לאסףPsalm 50:1 and elsewhere); so לדוד מזמורPsalm 24:1 +, לדוד alone Psalm 10:1; Psalm 14:1 +. compare on Phoenician coins לצדנםof the Sidonians, i.e. belonging to them, לצור (=Greek Σιδονιων, Τύρου). Hebrew idiom also uses the ל of possession where we should write the simple name, as Ezekiel 38:16 (written on a stick) ליהּודה, Ezekiel 38:17ליוסף, in English 'Judah,' 'Joseph,' Isaiah 8:1למהרשֿׁללחֿשׁבֿז 'Maher-shalal-hash-baz.'

c. as periph. for the stative with — (a) אשׁר לְ, as Exodus 29:29; Exodus 39:1,39; Leviticus 7:20,21; Leviticus 16:6,15 (see further examples below אשׁר

7); so שֶׁלִּיSongs 1:6; Songs 8:12, שֶׁלָּנוּ2 Kings 6:11. (b) without אשׁר — (a) where it is desired to keep the first noun indeterm., 1 Samuel 16:18ראיתי בן לישׁי a son to or of Jesse, 1 Samuel 22:20; Genesis 41:12; Numbers 1:4; Numbers 7:24; 1 Kings 2:39שׁני עבדים לשׁמעי, 1 Kings 18:22; 2 Kings 3:11; Ruth 2:1 etc.; (β) where the Genitive is a compound term, to avoid a series of nouns in the stative withNumbers 1:4ראשׂ לבית אבותיו, Numbers 7:24,30,36 etc., Numbers 1:21פקֻדיהםלמטה ראובןNumbers 1:23; Numbers 1:25 etc., Numbers 2:9,16 etc., Joshua 21:38; 1 Chronicles 9:23׳הַשְּׁעָרִים לְבֵית י1 Chronicles 27:3הראשׁ לְ, 2 Chronicles 19:11; Nehemiah 10:39 etc., occas. also besides, as 1 Samuel 14:16הצופים לשׁאול, Exodus 31:7 (usually ארון העדות); (γ) where the regens is a proper name, or a compound term, which does not readily admit of being placed in the stative with as (יהודה) דברי הימים למלכי ישׂראל1 Kings 14:19,29 + often, 1 Kings 5:30שׂרי הנצבים לְ, 2 Kings 11:4שׂרי המאות לְראשׁי האבות לְNumbers 36:1; Joshua 19:51; 1 Chronicles 8:13 Nehemiah Ezra; in dates, as באחד לחדשׁGenesis 8:5,14; Exodus 12:3,6; Genesis 7:11בשׁנת ֗֗֗ לחיי נח, Genesis 16:3; Exodus 19:1 . . . בחדשׁ השׁלישׁי לצאתבשׁנת שׁתים לאסא1 Kings 15:25,28; 1 Kings 16:8 (all + often); other cases, Exodus 20:5,6; Leviticus 13:48; Numbers 16:22 (=Numbers 27:16) Numbers 18:15; Judges 20:10; 2 Kings 5:9; Ezekiel 45:19; Ruth 2:3; 1 Chronicles 4:43; 1 Chronicles 9:19,21; 1 Chronicles 26:19; 2Chronicles 22:10; 23:4; (δ) with a negative, Genesis 15:13כארץ לא לכם, Jeremiah 5:19; Proverbs 26:17; Habakkuk 1:6, poetic even alone, Habakkuk 2:6 who increaseth לֹאלוֺ (that which is) not his, Job 18:15בְּלִי לוֺ, Job 39:16לְאֹלָהּ as (

4) those which are nothers; (ε) in poetry, Isaiah 16:2; Isaiah 26:7ארח לצדיקJeremiah 47:3; Hosea 9:6; Psalm 37:16; Psalm 49:14; Psalm 55:19 (Hi De Ch), Psalm 58:5; Psalm 73:6; Psalm 105:36; Psalm 116:15המותהלחסידיו, Psalm 123:4; Jonah 2:3; Ecclesiastes 5:11; compare also מלך לְJoshua 12:18 (but see ᵐ5 Di), 2 Kings 19:13 (compare Aramaic Ezra 5:11): see further Ew^{§ 292}, Ges^{§ 129}, Gies^{§ 19}.

c. attached to adverbs, especially those compounded with מִן, it forms prepositions, as מִקֶּדֶם לְGenesis 3:24 literally off the front with reference to (or of)=in front of: so מִבֵּית לְ=within, מִחוּץ לְ=without, מִמַּעַל לְ, מֵעַל לְ,מֵעֵבֶר לְ, מֵהָֽלְאָה לְ, מִצְּפוֺן לְ, סָבִֹיב לְ (all often); more rarely, מֵאַחֲרֵי לְ, מִבַּעַד לְ, מִבֵּינוֺת לְ, אֶל בֵּינוֺת לְ, מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה לְExodus 38:15, הֵנָּה לְ, Daniel 12:5 (twice in verse), מִזְרָח לְ, מִימִין לְ, מִנֶּגֶד לְ, מִסָּבִיב לְ, תַּחַת לְ, in poetry נֶגְדָּהנָּֿא לְ, Psalm 116:14; Psalm 116:18. see בית, חוץ, etc.; and compare Judges 7:1,8.

d. construed with passive verbs, the ל of reference notifies the agent, as בָּרוּךְ לְ blessed by, Genesis 14:17 + often; otherwise not very common, Genesis 14:17 + often; otherwise not very common, Genesis 31:15נֶחְשַׁב לְ to be reckoned by (so Isaiah 40:17), Exodus 12:16אַךְ אֲשֶׁר יֵאָכֵל לְכָלנֶֿפֶשׁ חוּא לְבַדּוֺ, יֵעָשֶׂה לָכם, 1 Samuel 2:3; 1 Samuel 25:7; 2 Samuel 19:43; Jeremiah 8:3נִבְחַר לְ (Proverbs 21:3), Proverbs 29:22Psalm 73:10; Psalm 111:2; Proverbs 13:13יֵחָבֶללֿוֺ is pledged by it, Proverbs 14:20; Nehemiah 6:1,7 נִשְׁמַע לְ, Nehemiah 13:26אָהוּב לְ, Esther 4:3; Esther 5:12; Ecclesiastes 5:12שָׁמוּר לְ. So with נִרְאָהExodus 13:7 (=Deuteronomy 16:4), נוֺדַע1 Samuel 6:3; Ezekiel 36:32; Nehemiah 4:9 (but usually with these words לְ is rather the dativus commodi [dative of benefit] be known, appear, to), נעתרGenesis 25:21 +, נדרשׁ and נמצאIsaiah 65:1entreated, sought, found, by, נוֺסַרLeviticus 26:23, נענהEzekiel 14:4,7 (?). (compare in Syriac Nö^{§ 247}, especially with passive participle:§ 279 (so Talmud, Luz^{§ 90}), which in Mandean and New Syriac even unites with the ל to form a new tense, see Nö^{M § 263}; NS § 104.) Analogously Genesis 38:15וַתַּהַר לוֺ and was pregnant by, Genesis 38:18הָרָה לְ (adjective) pregnant by (literally to).

e.regarding, in respect of, namely (a) with verbs of speaking, commanding, hearing, etc.; concerning, about (synonym עַל, which is more usually); so with אָמַרGenesis 20:13; Deuteronomy 33:12,13 + Judges 9:54; Isaiah 41:7; Psalm 3:3; Psalm 41:6 +, דִּבֶּרEzekiel 44:5, סִמֵּרPsalm 22:31, דרשׁDeuteronomy 12:30; 2 Samuel 11:3, חָלַםGenesis 42:9, הִטִּיףMicah 2:6, צִוָּהNumbers 8:20; Psalm 91:11 +, שָׁמַעGenesis 17:20, and often in the adjunct . . . לכל אשׁר ֗֗֗ לאשׁרGenesis 27:8; Joshua 1:18; Joshua 22:2 +; שׁאלGenesis 26:7 +, especially in phrase לְשָׁלוֺם׳שׁאל לפ to ask about any one with reference to (his) welfare; in the phrase לַדָּבָר הַזֶּהin regard to this thing (idiomatic), Genesis 19:21; 1 Samuel 30:24 +, Judges 21:5,7 לנשׁים, 1 Kings 20:7; without a verb, Leviticus 7:37; Leviticus 14:54; Deuteronomy 33:7, and in titles Jeremiah 23:9; Jeremiah 46:2; Jeremiah 48:1; Jeremiah 49:1,7,23,28. (b) limiting the application of a term, especially with כְּ to denote the tertium comparationis, as Genesis 41:19לאֹ רָאִיתִי כָהֵנָּה ֗֗֗ לָרֹעַas regards, in respect of (in our idiom, simply in or for) badness, Exodus 24:10כְּעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם לָטֹהַרin brightness, Deuteronomy 34:11,12; Ezekiel 3:3 (read לְמֹתֶק) Proverbs 25:3; 1 Chronicles 24:4; with an infinitive, Genesis 3:22היה כאחד ממנולדעתin respect of knowing etc., Genesis 34:15; Isaiah 21:1כַּסּוּפוֺת לַחֲלוֺף as whirlwinds in respect of sweeping through, Joshua 10:14; 2 Samuel 14:17,25; Ezekiel 38:9,16; Proverbs 26:2כצפור לָנוּד כדרור לָעוּף, 1 Chronicles 12:9כצבאים לְמַהֵר; with לָרֹבin multitude, Deuteronomy 1:10ככוכבי השׁמים לרבJudges 7:12 (twice in verse) + often; less frequently in comparisons with מִן, 1 Kings 10:23וַיִּגְדַּל ֗֗֗ מִכֹּל ֗֗֗ לְעשֶׁר וּלְחָכְמָה, Songs 1:2; Job 30:1צעירים ממני לימים (compare the accusative Job 15:10), Job 32:4,6, compare Job 11:6כִּפְלַיִם לְתוּשִׁיָּה; rarely after substantives, 2 Chronicles 16:8; 21:3; 3:8 לְכִכָּרִים, 2 Chronicles 3:9; 2 Chronicles 3:11; Ezra 8:26 (where the earlier language would use apposition, or the accusative of specification, Dr^{§ 194}). (c) somewhat differently, Leviticus 5:4b and be guilty לְאַחַת מֵאֵלָּהas regards one of these things, Leviticus 5:5; Leviticus 22:5b; Numbers 18:7 (compare 1 Chronicles 26:32; 1 Chronicles 27:1; 2Chronicles 19:11 (twice in verse)) Jeremiah 2:37 (peculiar) thou shalt not prosper להםas regards them, Ezekiel 44:14, compare Job 9:19; after substantive Genesis 47:26לַחֹמֶשׁ (but compare ᵐ5 Di) with reference to the fifth, Leviticus 7:26; Leviticus 11:46b Numbers 19:11; Numbers 29:39; Numbers 30:13; Deuteronomy 19:15; Deuteronomy 23:19; Ezra 8:34; 1 Chronicles 27:1 (׳לכל ח), 2 Chronicles 8:15; Nehemiah 11:24. (d) לְכָלֿׅ לְכֹל ֗֗֗ ), at the close of a description or enumeration, with a Generalizing force, as regards all . . .=namely, in brief (Ew^{§ 310 a} ), chiefly in P and Chronicles (probably a juristic usage): Genesis 9:10b all that go out of the ark לְכֹל חַיַּת הָאָרֶץas regards (=namely, even) all beasts of the earth, Genesis 23:10b; Exodus 14:28 (compare Exodus 14:9וְ), Exodus 27:3,19; Exodus 28:38; Exodus 30:1b; Leviticus 5:3,4 (compare Leviticus 13:51) Leviticus 11:42; Leviticus 16:16,21; Leviticus 22:18; Numbers 3:26b (Numbers 3:31Numbers 3:36וְ), Numbers 4:27,31,32; Numbers 5:9; Numbers 18:4,8,9,11 (all P), 2 Kings 12:6; Jeremiah 19:13; Ezekiel 44:9; 1 Chronicles 13:1; 2Chronicles 5:12 (לְכֻלָּם), 2 Chronicles 25:5; 31:16; 33:8 b ("" 2 Kings 21:8ולכל) Ezra 1:5. (e) introducing a new subject (rare, and text sometimes dubious; chiefly Chronicles), as regards . . ., Isaiah 32:1ולשׂרים (read probably וְשָׂרִיםל by error from following למשׁפט), Leviticus 11:26; 1 Chronicles 3:2 (read probably אבשׁלום), 1 Chronicles 5:2 ( ? see Ke), 1 Chronicles 7:1 (Ke ובני), 1 Chronicles 7:5 a (?), 1 Chronicles 24:1; 1 Chronicles 26:1,23,25,26,31 a B 2 Chronicles 5:12; 7:21 לְכָלע־ֹבֵר עליו ישׁרק ("" 1 Kings 9:8כָּלעֹֿבֵר), compare Deuteronomy 24:5 (peculiar); Ecclesiastes 9:4בִּי לְכֶלֶב חַי הוא׳טוב וג; compare Psalm 17:4 (on Psalm 16:3 see Commentaries). In Chronicles sometimes used peculiarly as a periphrase, 1 Chronicles 28:1 b. 21 לכל נדיבas regards every liberal man=every liberal man (compare Ke), 1 Chronicles 29:5 a. 6 b; compare Ezra 6:7 (Aramaic), Ezra 7:28.

f.in connection with terms designating a cause or occasion, with referenceto or in view of (German auf. . .hin) becomes nearly equivalent to on account of, through (not common): so to cut oneself לָנֶפֶשׁLeviticus 19:28on account of a (dead) person, Deuteronomy 14:1; Jeremiah 16:6b, Leviticus 11:24לְאֵלֶּה תִּטַּמָּ֑אוּon account of these ye shall become unclean, Leviticus 21:1,2,3 +, Ezekiel 20:31נִטְמָא לְ, Numbers 5:2כָּלטָֿמֵא לָנֶפֶשׁNumbers 9:6,7,10, compare 2Chronicles 23:19; ׳לְשֵׁם יin view of (i.e. determined by), because of׳יs name, Joel 2 Chronicles 9:9; Jeremiah 3:17; Isaiah 55:5 ("" לְמַעַן), Ezekiel 36:22 (do.); Genesis 4:23 a I have slain a man לְפִצְעִיbecause of my wound, Genesis 4:23 b Exodus 4:26לַמּוּלוֺת, Numbers 35:33לַדָּםלָכֵן=therefore (synonym עַל כֵּן), constantly (see כֵּן); Job 30:24 (si vera lectio) לָהֶן: of the cause of an emotion, Isaiah 15:5לִבִּי לְמוֺאָביִזְעַקbecause of Moab Isaiah 16:7,11; Jeremiah 31:20הָמוּ מֵעַי לוֺ (עַלּSongs 5:4), Hosea 10:5, לְזֹאתJob 37:1. compare Numbers 16:34נסו לקולם fled at the sound of them, Ezekiel 27:28; Habakkuk 3:16; Psalm 42:8.

g. marking the aim, object, or consequence of an action or thing, in view of, for, unto: (a) Genesis 1:16לממשׁלת היוםfor the rule of the day, Genesis 22:7 where is the sheep לְעוֺלָה? Genesis 42:25 provision לַדָּ֑רֶךְfor the way; Exodus 20:7לַשָּׁוְא i.e. for a vain or frivolous purpose, similarly לָרִיק and לַשֶּׁקֶר; Leviticus 1:3 + לִרְצֹּנוֺfor his acceptance; Numbers 21:23 and often יצאלמלחמהfor battle; יָשַׁב לְ to sit (wait) for, Exodus 24:14; Hosea 3:3; Jeremiah 3:2; 1 Samuel 8:16 to use לִמְלַאכְתּוֺfor his business; 2 Samuel 15:2 + בָּא לַמִּשְׁמָּטfor judgment; Psalm 69:22לִצְמָאִיfor (i.e. to quench) my thirst, Nehemiah 9:15; Exodus 29:36 + לַיּוֺםfor each day; Isaiah 4:3כָּלכָּֿתוכלַחַיִּיםfor life; Hosea 9:4לַחְמָם לְנַפְשָׁם; לרעה and לטובהJeremiah 21:10 +; Isaiah 58:4; Psalm 63:10׃לְשׁוֺאָה יבקשׁו נפשׁי in the sense of to secure, compass, Genesis 41:55 cried to Phoenician לַלָּ֑חֶםfor bread, 1 Samuel 2:36; Amos 8:11; Job 15:23; Isaiah 10:3: so in לִמַעַןfor the purpose of; and with an infinitive often (see

7a). (b) corresponding to the Latin dativus commodi [dative of benefit], (a) with verbs, Genesis 2:18אעשׂה לו I will make for him, etc., Genesis 2:20; Genesis 3:21, etc., absolute עָשָׂה לְ1 Samuel 14:6; Isaiah 64:3, מָּעַל לְPsalm 68:29; מָצָא לְGenesis 8:9; לָקַח לְGenesis 24:3,4 + often; סָפַד לְ, נוּדJeremiah 16:5,6, בָּכָה לְJeremiah 22:10, etc.; Judges 16:25וִישַׂחֶקלָֿנוּ to sport for us (for our pleasure); Hosea 2:25; Micah 5:1, etc.; with a pronoun of the same person as the verb, as 1 Kings 20:34תשׂים לך, 2 Kings 6:7; 2 Kings 10:24; Zechariah 9:13, leading on to

ha, below; often with pronouns and imperative, Numbers 11:16אֶסְפָהלִּֿי gather me70men, Numbers 22:6אָרָהלִּֿי curse me this people, Numbers 23:1בְּנֵה לִי, 1 Kings 1:28קראו לי לבתשֿׁבע call me B., 1 Kings 3:24; 1 Kings 13:13; 1 Kings 17:10; Songs 2:15אֶחֱזוּ לָנוּ catch us the foxes, Isaiah 49:20גְּשָׁהלִּֿי retire for me, that I may dwell, 2 Samuel 18:5לְאַט לִי לַנַּעַר (act) Gently (

5ib) for my sake towards the young man, 2 Kings 4:24אַלתַּֿעֲצָרלִֿי לִרְכֹּב AV slacken me not the riding; (β) with substantives, e.g. in such phrases as פסח׳הוא ליExodus 12:11 a passover is it unto׳י, Exodus 13:6׳חַג לי, Exodus 16:25׳שַׁבָּת לי, Isaiah 23:18 + ׳קֹדֶשׁ לי, Leviticus 1:9 and often ׳אִשֵּׂה רֵיחַ נִיחוֺחַ לי, 1 Samuel 1:3׳כהנים לי, etc.; (γ) also as a dativus incommodi [dative of harm], as to lie in wait, lay snares, dig a pit, etc., for any one, Judges 9:25; Judges 16:2; Psalm 35:7; Psalm 57:7 etc.; with verbs of withholding or removing (rare), Judges 17:2לֻקַּח לָךְ1 Samuel 21:6 (compare ) Psalm 40:11; Psalm 84:12; Job 12:20; note also the phrase לָכַד הַמַּיִם (הַמַּעְבָּרוֺת) לְJudges 3:28 (RV), Judges 7:24; Judges 12:5: זכר ל, in both senses, to remember for (in one's favour) Jeremiah 2:2 +, againstPsalm 137:7 +, compare גער לְMalachi 3:11; and Malachi 2:3. (c) more distinctly on behalf of, as with קִנֵּא to be jealous for, Numbers 11:29 +, נִלְחַםDeuteronomy 3:22 +, שָׁמֶרDeuteronomy 7:12 +, רָב לְ to contend forJudges 6:31, יָרֵאJoshua 9:24, הִתְמַּלֵּל1 Samuel 2:25 +, דִּבֶּר to speak for one 2 Kings 4:13; Job 13:7תְּדַבְּרוּ עַוְלָה הַלְאֵל will ye speak wickedness on God's behalf ?שָׁאַל to ask 1 Samuel 22:13 +, עָבַר to pass over for (=to pardon) Amos 7:8; Deuteronomy 30:12מי יעלה לנו, Deuteronomy 30:13; Judges 1:1; Judges 20:18; Isaiah 6:8מִי יֵלֶךְלָֿנוּ; see also Exodus 2:19; Exodus 4:16 a Numbers 35:31; Deuteronomy 23:6; Joshua 18:6; Judges 5:13; Judges 7:4,20; 2 Samuel 15:34b Isaiah 33:21; Proverbs 16:26; Proverbs 31:8, etc.; Psalm 94:16מִי יָקוּם לִי עִם מְרֵעִים; ׳היה ל to be on one's side, Hosea 1:9ואנכי לא אהיהלכם, Psalm 124:1; Psalm 124:2, and without היהGenesis 31:42; Exodus 32:36, אֵלַי׳מִי ל who is on ׳יs side ? (let him come) to me ! Joshua 5:13b 2 Samuel 20:11; 2 Kings 10:6אִם לִי אַתֶּם (synonym אִתִּי2 Kings 9:32), Psalm 56:10לי׳זה ידעתי כי י, Psalm 118:6; Psalm 118:7לִי׳י.

h. used reflexively (the 'ethical' dative, or dative of feeling), throwing the action back upon the subject, and expressing with some pathos the interest, or satisfaction, or completeness, with which it is (or is to be) accomplished, especially (but not exclusively) with imperative and I person imperfect (often not expressible in English, sometimes to be expressed by a paraphrase); — (a) with transitive verbs (a choice idiom, a development of

gb a, common, especially with imperative, in best prose), עֲשֵׂה לְךָGenesis 6:14; Numbers 21:8 + often, עֲשִׂיתֶם לָכֶםDeuteronomy 4:16,23; Deuteronomy 9:16; Amos 5:26, וַיַּעֲשׂוּ לָהֶםGenesis 3:7; Exodus 32:31; Hosea 13:2; Jeremiah 11:17 the evil which עשׂו להם they have loved to do (compare Hi), Genesis 11:4; Judges 3:16; 2 Samuel 15:1, etc.; קַחלְֿךָ, קְחוּ לָכֶםGenesis 6:21 + often, ויקח לוGenesis 15:10, etc.; בָּזַז לוֺDeuteronomy 2:35; Deuteronomy 20:14 +; תְּנוּ לָכֶםExodus 7:9; Joshua 20:2; הָבוּ לָכֶםDeuteronomy 1:13 (compare Dr) +, שִׂימוּלָכֶםJudges 19:30, compare 2 Kings 10:24; Hosea 2:2; בָּחַר לוֺ, בַּחֲרוּ לָכֶם, etc Genesis 13:11; 2 Samuel 17:1ᵐ5 (see Dr) + often; קְנֵה לְךָJeremiah 32:7 +, דַּע לְךָJob 5:27, compare Songs 1:8; Deuteronomy 10:1 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 16:9,13,18; Deuteronomy 19:2,3,9, Joshua 22:23לִבְנוֺת לָנוּ, 1 Samuel 20:20לְשַׁלַּח לִי לְמַטָּרָה, 2 Kings 4:3שַׁאֲלִי לָךְ (compare Isaiah 7:11), Isaiah 18:23; Isaiah 44:7יַגִּידוּ לָמוֺ, Isaiah 59:8עִקְּשׁוּ לָהֶם, Jeremiah 2:13; Jeremiah 22:14אֶבְנֶהלִּֿי, Jeremiah 31:21; Jeremiah 46:14; Hosea 10:1מְּרִי יְשַׁוֶּהלּֿוֺ maketh fruit freely, Hosea 10:11; Hosea 10:12; Hosea 10:12; Amos 6:5,13; Psalm 44:11שָׁסוּ לָמוֺ=plunder at their will, Psalm 64:6; Psalm 83:13; Proverbs 1:22; Ecclesiastes 8:12מַאֲרִיךְ לוֺ (denoting satisfaction), Job 7:3הָנְחַלְתִּי לִי, Job 12:11יִטְעַם לוֺ, Job 13:1וַתָּבֶןלָֿהּ, Job 24:16, etc.: rarely separated from the verb, Hosea 12:9; Proverbs 23:20; Job 3:14. (b) with verbs of motion, Genesis 12:1; Genesis 22:2לֶךְלְֿךָget thee away, Genesis 27:43בְרַח לְךָAmos 7:12; Numbers 22:34אשׁובה לי literally I will return for myself, Deuteronomy 1:7 (compare Dr) סְעוּ לָכֶם, Deuteronomy 1:40; Deuteronomy 2:13עברו לכם, Deuteronomy 5:27שׁובו לכם, 1 Samuel 22:5; 1 Samuel 26:11וְנֵָֽלְכָה לָנוּ, 1 Samuel 26:12וַיֵּ˜לְכוּ לָהֶם, 2 Samuel 2:21נְטֵה לְךָ, 2 Samuel 2:22; 1 Kings 17:3; Isaiah 31:8נָס לוֺ, Isaiah 40:9עֲלִי לָךְJeremiah 5:5ֵ˜אלְכָה לִי, Hosea 8:9 a wild ass כֹּדֵד לוֺ going alone at itspleasure, Micah 1:11; Psalm 58:8כמים יתהלכו למו that run apace, Proverbs 20:14אֹזֵל לִוֺ=goeth his way, Job 39:4; Songs 1:8; b Songs 2:10,11,13; Songs 4:6. (c) with neuter verbs, especially those signifying a state of mind or feeling (chiefly in poetry), Psalm 66:7אל ירומו למו, Psalm 80:7ילעגו למו mock as they please, Psalm 120:6רַבַּת שָֽׁכְנָה לָהּ נַפְשִׁי has had her dwelling with, etc., Psalm 122:3שֶׁחֻבְּרָה לָהּ is well compacted, Psalm 123:4שָֽׂבְעָה לָהּ is but too full, Isaiah 2:22חִדְלוּ לָכֶם, 2 Chronicles 25:16; 35:21; Jeremiah 7:4אַלתִּֿבְטְחוּלָכֶם, Jeremiah 7:8; 2 Kings 18:21; Ezekiel 37:11נִגְזַרְנוּ לָנוּ we are quite cut off, Job 6:19קִוּוּ לָמוֺ (implying that they fed themselves on hope), Job 15:28יֵ ˜שְׁבוּ לָמוֺ which should not sit (be inhabited), Job 19:29גּוּרוּ לָכֶם, Songs 2:17; Songs 8:14דְּמֵה לְךָ, and the frequent הִשָּׁמֶרלְֿךָ take heed to thyself Genesis 24:6 +; with an adjective, Amos 2:13הַמְּלֵאָהלָהּ עָמִיר. (compare Ew^{§ 315 a. Very common in} Syriac, especially b: Nö^{§ 224}.)

i. of reference to a norm or standard, according to, after, by: — (a) Genesis 1:11לְמִינוֺaccording to its kinds, Genesis 8:19 + לְמִשְׁמְּחֹתֵיהֶםaccording to their families, Genesis 10:5נִישׁ לִלְשֹׁנוֺ, Genesis 10:31; Genesis 10:32, Exodus 30:12 + לִפְפְקֻדֵיהֶםaccording to them that are numbered of them, Numbers 1:2לְבֵית אֲבוֺתָםby their fathers' houses, Numbers 1:2לְגֻלְגְּלֹתָםNumbers 1:3לְצִבְאֹתָם, Numbers 1:20 + often, especially in enumerations and classifications; Genesis 13:3 Abram went לְמַסָּעָיוby his journeyings (stages), so לְמַסְעֵיהֶםExodus 17:1 +; Genesis 13:17 go through the land לְאָרְכָּהּ וּלְרָחְבָּהּaccording to (i.e. to the full extent of) its length and breadth (compare Habakkuk 1:6); Hab 41:47 לִקְמָצִיםby handfuls, Numbers 24:2 + לִשְׁבָטָיוby its tribes, 1 Samuel 29:2עברים למאות ולאלפיםby hundreds and thousands, 2 Samuel 18:4, לְעָרֶיהָNumbers 32:33; Joshua 18:9; Judges 19:19לַעֲצָמֶיהָaccording to her bones (i.e. limb by limb), Ezekiel 24:6לִנְתָחֶיהָ piece by piece; Psalm 140:12 to hunt לְמַדְחֵפוֺת thrust-wise, with thrust upon thrust, Isaiah 27:12לְאַחַד אֶחָד (Ges Ew) by one, one (i.e. one by one); hence, especially with plurals, it acquires sometimes a distributive force, as לִבְקָרִיםIsaiah 33:2by mornings=every morning (compare

6), so לַבְּקָרִיםPsalm 73:14; Psalm 101:8 +, לִרְגָעִיםIsaiah 27:3 + every moment, לֶחֳדָשִׁיםIsaiah 47:13every month, Ezekiel 47:12; 1 Kings 10:22אַחַת לְשָׁלוֺשׁ שָׁנִים once every three years, Amos 4:4לשׁלשׁת ימיםevery three days (but see We), 1 Chronicles 9:25; in Chronicles לשׁער ושׁערלעיר ועיר, 2 Chronicles 8:14; 19:5; 26:11. (b) denoting the principle, with regard to which an act is done, לְמִסְמַּרaccording to the number of . . . Deuteronomy 32:8; Judges 21:23 +, Isaiah 11:3 to judge לְמַרְאֵה עֵינָיולְמִשְׁמַע אָזְנָיוaccording to that which his eyes see, his ears hear (compare Leviticus 13:12; Job 42:5), Job 28:26; Job 32:1 a king will regin לְצֶדֶקaccording to justice ("" לְמשׁפט), Job 42:3לֶאֱמֶת=faithfully, Jeremiah 9:2לֶאֱמוּנָה=honestly, Jeremiah 15:15; Jeremiah 30:11 (=Jeremiah 46:28) וְיִסַּרְתִּיךָ לַמִּשְׁמָּט (synonym Jeremiah 10:24בְּמשׁפט), Hosea 2:12 ("" לְפִי), Joel 2:23לִצֶדָקָה; Genesis 38:24 pregnant לִזְנוּנִים=unchastely, Numbers 15:24לשׁגגהby error (elsewhere בשׁגגה), 2 Chronicles 30:3; 35:8; Songs 7:10 flowing down למישׁריםstraightly (Proverbs 23:31 ׳ב), לָרֹבJob 26:3; 2Chron 14:14, in poetry לְמַכְבִּירJob 36:31in abundance, לְאַט=gently2 Samuel 18:5 +; Exodus 16:3; Psalm 78:25לָשׂבַעaccording to satiety; לְרֶגֶלaccording to the foot (pace) of Genesis 33:14 + (see רֶגֶל); 1 Samuel 23:20לְכָלאַֿוַּת נַפְשְׁךָ (Deuteronomy 12:15 and elsewhere ׳בְּ), 2 Samuel 15:11לְתֻמָּםaccording to their simplicity, i.e. unsuspectingly (so 1 Kings 22:34), 1 Kings 9:11לְכָלחֶֿפְצוֺ, Isaiah 54:16; Ezekiel 22:6לִזְרֹעוֺ, Job 12:5; Psalm 119:91; Psalm 119:154לְאִמְִ˜רתְךָ ("" ׳כְּPsalm 119:58; Psalm 119:116; Psalm 119:170), Ecclesiastes 1:10 long ago לְעולמיםaccording to (measured by) the ages etc. (see Hi): so also in the phrase לְפִי חֶרֶבaccording to a sword's mouth, i.e. as the sword would devour, without quarter, Joshua 6:21 + often; לְפִי ֗֗֗ itself also, in various figurative applications, has the force of according to, Genesis 47:12, etc. (see מֶּה); and in יֵשׁ (אֵין) לְאֵל יָ˜דְךָ it is (not) according to the power of thy hand. Similarly Deuteronomy 11:11לִמְטַר הַשָּׁמַיִםafter the manner of the rain of heaven, i.e. as the rain permits (opposed to the artificial irrigation of Deuteronomy 11:10), Judges 21:12 + לְמִשְׁכַּבזָכָר, Ezekiel 12:12לַעַיִן i.e. as the eye sees it.

j. designating a condition or state: לָבֶטַחin a state of confidence=confidently, Leviticus 25:18 + often; לְבָדָד, לְבַד, in a state of separation (=a part), so לְבַדּוֺ (see pp. 94, 95); לְשָׁלוֺםGenesis 44:17 +, לְפֶתַע suddenly Isaiah 29:5; Isaiah 30:13; לִבְלִיin a condition of no . . .=without, Isaiah 5:14 + (see בלי), so לְאֵין ֗֗֗ (late), לְלֹא2Chronicles 15:3; further Isaiah 1:5לָחֳלִיin a state of sickness, Isaiah 50:11לְמַעֲצֵבָה, Psalm 45:15לִרְקָמוֺת, Ezra 2:63=Nehemiah 7:65 a priest לאורים ולתמיםhaving relation to (i.e. with) Urim and Thummim, 2 Chronicles 20:21 לְהַדְרַת קֹדֶשׁ=in holy adornment (compare ׳בְּPsalm 29:2; Psalm 96:9). And of a concomitant circumstance (German bei), in presence of, at, Job 29:3לְאוֺרוֺ, Habakkuk 3:11, לקול ֗֗֗ Job 21:12; Ezra 3:13.

6 Of time:

a.towards, against, sometimes with collateral idea of in view of, much rarer than בְּ, but expressing concurrence (at) rather than duration (in): Genesis 3:8לְרוּחַ הַיּוֺםat the breeze of the day, לְעֵת in various connections, as לְעֵת עֶרֶבGenesis 8:11 + (see עֵת); לְעִתִּים מְזֻמָּנִיםEzra 10:14; Nehemiah 10:35; לְעִתּוֺת בַּצָּרָהPsalm 9:10; Psalm 10:1; לְיוֺם ֗֗֗ at, on the day of, Psalm 81:4; Proverbs 7:20 +, מה תעשׂו לְיוֺם ֗֗֗ Isaiah 10:3; Hosea 9:5 (compare Jeremiah 5:31); לַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר ֗֗֗ Ezekiel 22:14; לַיּוֺם אֲשֶׁר ֗֗֗ Malachi 3:17; לתשׁובת השׁנה2 Samuel 11:1 +; לתקופתהימים1 Samuel 1:20, לתקופת השׁנה2Chronicles 24:23 (Exodus 34:22 without לְ), לְקֵץ שָׁנִים (יָמִיםׅ (late) 2 Chronicles 18:2; Nehemiah 13:6; Daniel 11:6,13 (in early Hebrew מִקֵּץ יָמִים); לשׁנת ֗֗֗ 2Chronicles 15:10; לַבֹּקֶרPsalm 30:6; Psalm 49:15 + (Exodus 34:2 after הֱיֵהנָכוֺן=against, for; compare Exodus 19:11; Proverbs 21:31); (לַבְּקָרִיםIsaiah 33:2, see 5i); לערבGenesis 49:27 ("" בבקר) +; לְמָחָרExodus 8:6 (in answer to Exodus 8:5לְמָתַי), Exodus 8:19; Esther 5:12 (Numbers 11:18; Joshua 7:13 after הִתְקַדְּשׁוּ=against), לַמָּחֳרָתJonah 4:7 (compare 1 Chronicles 29:21); לָאוֺרJob 24:14; לַמּוֺעֵד, לְמוֺעֵד ֗֗֗ , Genesis 17:21; Exodus 23:15 +; לְפָנִים and לִפְנֵיbefore (often); לְאָחוֺרhereafter, Isaiah 41:23; Isaiah 42:23; Psalm 32:6 b; with infinitive (rare), in the phrase לִפְנוֺת (הַ)בֹּקֶר (עֶרֶבׅGenesis 24:63 +, 2 Samuel 18:29; Isaiah 7:15לְדַעְתּוֺwhen he knoweth.

b. to denote the close of a period (rare), Genesis 7:4לימיםעוד שׁבעה, Genesis 7:10; Exodus 19:15; 2 Samuel 13:23; Amos 4:4לשׁלשׁת ימים (We); Ezra 10:8,9; Nehemiah 6:15; Daniel 12:7 (compare עַדDaniel 7:25) 2Chronicles 21:19 (so Syriac: see PS 5).

c.towards, to, Exodus 34:25לא ילין לַבֹּקֶר (usually עַד, as Exodus 23:18), Deuteronomy 16:4; 1 Samuel 13:8 (after נוֺחַל), Amos 4:7בעוד שׁלשׁה חדשׁים לַקָּצִירto the harvest; often in the expressions לְעוֺלָם, לָנֶצַח, לְדוֺר וָדוֺר, לְדֹר דֹּר; rather differently in מִיּוֺם לְיוֺםPsalm 96:2 ("" 1 Chronicles 16:23אל), Esther 3:7 (i.e. passing from day to day), compare 2 Samuel 14:26 (Gie^30f.).

d.for, during, Isaiah 63:18לַמִּצְעָר (si vera lectio), 2Chronicles 11:17 לשׁנים שׁלושׁ, 2 Chronicles 29:17.

7 With an infinitive (Ges^{§ 114}, 2), ל denotes

a. most commonly the end or purpose of an action (=the Latin Gerund with ad, e.g. ad faciendum, to do): Genesis 1:17 and he placed them in the firmament לְהָאִיר וְלִמְשֹׁלוּ֗֗֗לְהַבְדִּילto give light . . ., and to rule . . ., and todivide, etc., Genesis 2:15 set him in the garden לְעָבְדָהּ וּלְשָׁמְרָהּto till it, and to keep it, Genesis 2:9 brought them to Adam לִרְאוֺתto see, etc., + very often; Genesis 19:20קְרֹבָה לָנוּס שָׁ֑מָּה near for fleeing thither, Ecclesiastes 3:2עֵת לָלֶדֶת a time for bringing forth. The negative is expressed by לְבִלְתִּי, q. v.

b.with reference to, limiting or qualifying the idea expressed by the principal verb, and so resolvable sometimes into so as to, to, sometimes into in respect of, in: — (a) so as to, to, Deuteronomy 8:6 and keep the commands of ׳לָלֶכֶת בִּדְרָכָיו וּלְיִרְאָה אֹתוֺ יto walk in his ways, and to fear him, Deuteronomy 10:15; Deuteronomy 11:22; Deuteronomy 19:9; 1 Kings 2:3,4; 1 Kings 11:2; 1 Samuel 20:20,36; Joel 2:26אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה עִמָּכֶם לְהַפְלִיאso as to do wondrously, Ezekiel 5:6; Judges 5:18עַם חֵרֵף נַפְשׁוֺ לָמוּתso as to die, for dying [not 'unto death'], Judges 16:16; 2 Kings 20:1חָלָה לָמוּת; Genesis 2:3לַעֲשׂוֺתso as to make (or in making) which, he created; and in the very frequently לֵאמֹר, introducing the words spoken, so as to say=saying (German indem er sagte), Genesis 1:22, etc. (b) in respect of, in (compare 5e (b)) Genesis 34:7; 1 Samuel 12:17 your evil is great that ye have done לִשְׁאוֺל לכם מלךin asking for yourselves a king, 1 Samuel 12:29; 1 Samuel 14:33 the people sin against J. לאכלעלהֿדםin eating with the blood, 1 Samuel 19:5; 2 Samuel 19:7; 2 Kings 4:24; Jeremiah 44:18; Psalm 36:3; Psalm 63:3; Psalm 78:18; Psalm 101:8; Psalm 103:20; Nehemiah 13:18. And with the tert. compare., above

5e (b). Especially with verbs expressing what with us would be denoted by an adverb adjunct, but in Hebrew idiom forms the principal idea, as 1 Samuel 1:12הִרְבְּתָה לְהִתְמַּלֵּל literally did much in respect of praying (=prayed long or much), Isaiah 55:7כִּי יַרְבֶּה לִסְלוֺחַ +; 2 Kings 2:10הִקְשִׁיתָ לִשְׁאוֺל thou hast done hardly in respect of asking (=asked a hard thing), 1 Kings 14:9הֵרַעלַעֲשׂוֺת; so with הקריבGenesis 12:11, מִהַרGenesis 27:20, הרחיקExodus 8:24הֶעְמִּילNumbers 14:44, הֵהִיןDeuteronomy 1:41, בּשֵׁשׁJudges 5:28, הפליאJudges 13:19; 2Chronicles 26:15 (with passive verb), שׁוּב1 Kings 13:17; Ezra 9:14, היטיבJeremiah 1:12 + (without לְ1 Samuel 16:17), העמיקIsaiah 29:15 +, קֵרֵבEzekiel 36:9, הגדילJoel 2:20 +, קִדַּמְתִּי לִבְרֹחַJonah 4:2, הגביהּPsalm 113:5, השׁפילPsalm 113:6; Genesis 31:27נַחְבֵּאתָלִבְרֹחַ hast hidden thyself in regard to fleeing=hast fled secretly, 2 Samuel 19:4וַיִּתְגַּנֵּב לָבוֺא=come in stealthily. (c.) by an extension of (b), the infinitive with לְ so forms the complement of a verb that, if the verb be transitive, it becomes virtually its object: so very often with such verbs as הוסיףto addGenesis 4:2,12, הֵחֵלto beginGenesis 6:1, חדלGenesis 11:8, יכלGenesis 13:6, מִהַרGenesis 18:7, נתןto permitGenesis 20:6, אבהGenesis 24:5, בקשׁExodus 2:15, מֵאֵןExodus 7:14, למדDeuteronomy 14:23, חפץDeuteronomy 25:8, ידע1 Kings 5:20 (these all occur also without לְ); הואילto undertake, consent, Genesis 18:17,31, כִּלָּהto finish, תָּמַםDeuteronomy 2:16 (to come to an end in respect of), קִוָּהIsaiah 5:2; also צִוָּהGenesis 50:2, אָמַרExodus 2:14, דִּמָּהNumbers 33:56, חשׁב1 Samuel 18:25, יעץPsalm 62:5, לִמֵּדJeremiah 12:16, אָהֵבHosea 12:8: Deuteronomy 10:12 what doth ׳י ask of thee כי אם ליראה except to fear etc. ? (compare Micah 6:8 after דרשׁ without ל). (d) as the subject of a sentence (rare): Isaiah 10:7להשׁמידבלבבו, 1 Chronicles 29:12; with טוב1 Samuel 15:22; Psalm 118:8; Psalm 118:9; Ecclesiastes 7:2,5; Proverbs 21:9 (usually without לְ, as Proverbs 21:19; Proverbs 25:24; Exodus 14:12); compare Exodus 8:22לא נכון לעשׂות כן; 2 Samuel 18:11וְעָלַי לָתֵת, Nehemiah 13:13; Ezra 10:12; Micah 3:1הלא לכם לדעת, Ezra 4:3; 2Chronicles 13:5; 20:17; 26:18. (e) with יֵשׁ, אֵין (late), and (more rarely) לֹא, in sense of it is (not) possible to . . ., or (sometimes) there is no need to . . . : see יֵשׁ

2cc (p. 442); אַיִן

5 (p. 34 b), adding Haggai 1:6; Esther 8:8; 2Chronicles 22:9; לֹא

1ab (p. 518): and compare Dr^{§ 202} Ges^{§ 114l} Dav^{§ 94 b, 95 b}. (f) with הָיָה, to express the idea of destination, as Numbers 24:22וקין יהיהלְבָעֵר shall be for consuming, Deuteronomy 31:17; Isaiah 5:5; Isaiah 6:13; Isaiah 37:26; Ezekiel 30:16; Psalm 109:13 +. compare מֶה לַעֲשׂוֺתwhat is (was) to be done? Isaiah 5:4; 2 Kings 4:13; 2Chronicles 25:9 + (Dr^{§ 203}). (g) expressing (according to the context) tendency, intention, or obligation (the 'periphrastic' future): — Hosea 9:13וְאֶפְרַיִם לְהוֺצִיא אֶל הוֺרֵג בָּנָיוis for bringing forth (=must bring forth), Isaiah 10:32עוד היום בנֹב לעמדis he for tarrying (must he tarry), Isaiah 38:20להושׁיעני׳י, ׳יis (ready) to save me, Isaiah 44:14 (si vera lectio), Jeremiah 51:49; Habakkuk 1:17; Psalm 32:9; Psalm 49:15צוּרָםלְבַלּוֺת שְׁאוֺל=must Sheol waste away, Psalm 62:10בְּמאֹזְנַיִם לַעֲלוֺת, Proverbs 18:24; Proverbs 19:8שׁומר תבונה למצא טובwill be finding prosperity, Proverbs 20:25; Job 30:6; 1 Chronicles 22:5 (לִבְנוֺת), Ecclesiastes 3:15: of past time, Genesis 15:12ויהי השׁמשׁלבואwas about to go down, Joshua 2:5; 1 Samuel 14:21b (text dubious: Dr^{§ 206}Obs.), 2 Chronicles 26:5 (strangely) ויהילדרשׁ אלהים RV set himself to seek; usually without היה, 2 Samuel 4:10אֲשֶׁר לְתִתִּי לוֺ to whom it was for my giving (I ought to have given), 2 Kings 13:19לְהַכּוֺתpercutiendum erat, 1 Chronicles 9:25, and more freely 2Chronicles 11:22 כי להמליבו for (he was) for making him king, 2 Chronicles 12:12 ולא להשׁחית and was no longer for destroying him, 2 Chronicles 36:19 (?): in a question, Genesis 30:15וְלָקַחַת and art thou for taking ? Esther 7:8; 2Chronicles 19:2 הֲלָרָשָׁע לַעְזֹּרwilt thou help the wicked ? compare Dr^{§ 204}, Ges^{158; 114 h-k}, Dav^{§ 94}. (h) with וְ, in contin. (mostly) of a finite verb or participle, Exodus 32:29מַלְאוּ יֶדְכֶם ֗֗֗ וְלָתֵת and be for placing etc. Leviticus 10:10f. (?), 1 Samuel 8:12יִקַּח ֗֗֗ וְלָשׂוּם, Jeremiah 19:12אעשׂה ֗֗֗ וְלָתֵת, Jeremiah 44:14; Hosea 12:3; Psalm 25:14; Psalm 109:16; Job 34:8; Ecclesiastes 7:25; Ecclesiastes 9:1 (si vera lectio), Daniel 12:11; Nehemiah 8:13; 1 Chronicles 10:13; 2Chron 2:8; 2 Chronicles 7:17; 8:13; 30:9; Ezekiel 13:22; Amos 8:4׳הַשֹּׁאֲפִים אֶבְיוֺן וְלַשְׁבִּית וגand (that are) for making the poor to cease, Isaiah 44:28הָאוֺמֵר ֗֗֗ וְלֵאמֹר, Isaiah 56:6; Psalm 104:21; Jeremiah 17:10; Jeremiah 44:19; 1 Chronicles 6:34 (compare Dr^{§ 206 Dav:§ 96 R. 4}). — On לְמִן, see מִן.

Note. — 1 Kings 6:19לְתִתֵּן שָׁם, the supposition that לְ is a conjunction (=למען) is too alien to Hebrew usage to be justified by the Arabic for , and the view that תִתֵּן here and 1 Kings 17:14 is an anomalous form for תֵת (Ew^{§ 238 c} Kö^{i. 305}) is against analogy: read with Ol^{§ 224 d}, Ges^{§ 67} A. 3, Klo, לָתֵת (as 1 Kings 17:14 Qr).

מ

מ ם, Mem, thirteenth letter; used as numeral 40 in Post-Biblical Hebrew

מַּ see מָה. מִּ  see מִן.

מֹאָב see מוֺאָב. [מַאֲבוּס] see אבס.

מאד (√ of following Assyrian ma'âdu, be many, increase; ma'adu, many; ma'adiš, in abundance, Dl^{HWB, 388 f.}; compare Sabean מאדto add, DHM^{ZMG 1883, 342 f.} Hom^{Süd-Ar. Chr. 127}; Arabic begin to grow, of plant).

נ

נ, ן, Nûn, fourteenth letter; used as numeral 50 in post-Biblical Hebrew

ס

ס, Samekh, fifteenth letter; used as numeral 60 in Post-Biblical Hebrew

ע

ע, `Ayin, sixteenth letter; used as numeral 70 in Post-Biblical Hebrew

עבב (√ of following, compare Kö^{ii. 1, 40}; meaning unknown).

פ

פ, מּ, ף, Pê, seventeenth letter; used as numeral 80 in post-Biblical Hebrew.

מֹּא see מֹּה.

צ

צ, ץ, ‚a-dê, eighteenth letter; used as numeral 90 in post-Biblical Hebrew.

[צֵאָה], צֹאָה, [צֹאִי] see צוא.

ק

ק, Kôph, 19th letter;=100 in post-Biblical Hebrew.

[קֵא] see קיא. קָאם see קוּם.

ר

שׂ

שׂsîn, 21st letter (with שׁ, q. v.).

שׂאר (√ of following; verb unknown; compare Late Hebrew שְׂאוֺר, סְאוֺר; Jewish-Aramaic סִיאוֺרָא, all leaven).

שׁ

שׁŠin, 21st letter (with שׂ);=300 in post-Biblical Hebrew.

ת,תּ

ת, תּTaw, 22nd letter;=400 in Post-Biblical Hebrew

א

[אָב] see אבה. below

ב

בְּ

prepositionin, with, through, etc. (Biblical Hebrew בְּ); — suffix ׳בִּ, בָּךְDaniel 4:6 +, 3 masculine singular בֵּהּDaniel 3:7 +, feminine בַּהּDaniel 2:4; Daniel 3:16 +, 3 plural בְּהוֺןDaniel 3:25 +; —

1in, of place, Daniel 2:38; Daniel 3:1; Daniel 4:12בֶּאֱסוּר +; atEzra 5:10, of time Daniel 2:28; Daniel 3:5 (at), Daniel 5:2 +; Daniel 4:12; Ezra 4:16׳חֲלָק בְּ a share in (Biblical Hebrew 1. 2).

2into, Daniel 2:38יְהַב בִּידָךְ, Ezra 5:12; ׳עֲדָה ב pass over or uponDaniel 3:27.

3of the instrument, by, withDaniel 2:30,34; Daniel 3:4; Daniel 4:12 b. 24. 27 +; Daniel 5:2,3(Amos 6:6: Biblical Hebrew III. 2).

4of the price (ib.

III. 3), with, Ezra 7:17,18

5יוֺם בְּיוֺםEzra 6:9=day by day (ib.

III. 3), end; so Syriac PS¹⁵⁷⁷; compare ירח בירח S-C^L5, PS⁴²⁴⁰).

6through, on account of, (ib.III.), Ezra 6:14.

7in the matter of, Daniel 6:6; Daniel 6:18,

8after verbs ofruling, Daniel 2:38 +, trustingDaniel 6:24, looking atDaniel 7:8; עֲכַד בְּ to do withDaniel 4:32; Ezra 7:18, compare Lzb²³² K^{§ 68}.

ג

ד

ה

הֲ

interrogative particle (Biblical Hebrew הֲ, q. v. : ᵑ7הֲ; not Syriac: on the vocal., see K^{§ 67, 2}); — Daniel 2:26הַאִיתָיחart thou . . . ?Daniel 3:14הַצְדָּא (Baer Gi; editions הַצְדָא), Daniel 6:21הַיְכִלcan he . . . ?הֲלָאnonne ?Daniel 3:24; Daniel 4:27; Daniel 6:18.

ו

וְ, וּ

conjunctionand (Biblical Hebrew וְ), used mostly as in Hebrew, except that there is no ו 'consecutive'; — and, connecting both words (Daniel 2:5) and sentences (ib.). When three or more words are connected together, וְ may connect them all (Daniel 2:6,10; Daniel 4:34; Daniel 5:18), or only the two last (Daniel 2:17; Daniel 3:4; Daniel 4:4; Ezra 6:9), or the three last (Daniel 2:37; Ezra 3:21), or be omitted altogether (Daniel 2:27; Ezra 5:11, compare Daniel 3:2; Ezra 4:9). וְ also connects verbs, in cases where Biblical Hebrew would use וַּ , as Daniel 4:2; Daniel 5:29; Daniel 6:17; Daniel 6:25; in such cases a Perfect is often followed by a participle, as Daniel 2:7עֲנוֺוְאָֽמְרִין, so Daniel 2:10; Daniel 3:9,16,24 +, hence in Daniel 2:5,8,15,20 and often read probably with Nö^{GGA 1884, 1021}עֲנָה וְאָמַר (for עָנֵה). Special senses: —

a.and thatDaniel 4:10; Daniel 4:12; Daniel 4:20; Ezra 6:8,9 (compare Daniel 2:16,18); and alsoDaniel 6:29;=with, Daniel 7:1.

b.connectingcontrasted ideas, butDaniel 2:6; Daniel 3:6,18; Daniel 4:4.

c.=and so, Daniel 2:49; Daniel 6:2, especially after imperative Daniel 2:4,9,24, or imperfect Daniel 2:7.

d.to express an intentionDaniel 5:2וְיִשְׁתּוֺןthat they might drink: after a command, etc., even with participle or perf., nearly=that, Daniel 2:13; Daniel 6:2 (compare K^{§ 102}).

e.introducing the predicate (compare Biblical Hebrew 5c), Daniel 7:20וְקִרְנָא דִכֵּן וְעֵינַיִם לַהּ and this horn, it had eyes; but the case is isolated, and del, probably וְ with Marti.

ז

ח

ט

י

כ

ל

ל

prepositionto, for, in regard to, at, mark of accusative (Biblical Aramaic לְ, and General Aramaic); — suffix לי, לָךְ, לֵהּ, לַהּDaniel 7:4,5 +; לָנָאEzra 4:14; לְכֹםEzra 5:3,9; Ezra 7:24 (so Egyptian Aramaic S-C^{Pap. H 12. 14} +), לְכוֺןDaniel 3:4; לְהוֺםJeremiah 10:11, לְהֹםEzra 5:3,4,9,10; Ezra 6:9 (so Zinjirli, Cooke¹⁸⁴; Nabataean, ib.^{Nos. 85, 91}), לְהוֺןDaniel 2:35; Daniel 3:14; Daniel 6:3; Daniel 7:12 (Daniel 7:21 לְהֹן), Ezra 4:20; Ezra 5:2 (so Palmyrene, Cooke^{No. 110, Tariff ii.c.15 (p. 329)}); —

1to, after verbs of saying, declaring, writing, etc., Daniel 2:4,5,7,19; Daniel 6:21; Daniel 6:26, etc., givingDaniel 2:16,21 +, offeringEzra 6:10; of going (Aramaic does not use אֶל), usually to a place, Ezra 2:17לְבַיתֵהּ אֲזַל, Ezra 3:26; Ezra 4:8; Ezra 6:20personEzra 5:5;=towardsDaniel 4:31; intoDaniel 3:6,11; Daniel 6:17 +; in address of decree or letter Daniel 3:31; Ezra 5:7; Ezra 7:12; to fall or come toDaniel 4:16; Daniel 4:18; Daniel 5:17; Ezra 5:7; Ezra 7:20, be confirmed toDaniel 4:23.

2as mark ofaccusative (as often in Aramaic; cf, in late Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew 3), Daniel 2:10,12,14,24 + often, Ezra 7:25... לכל (compare אֵתJudges 3:15; Isaiah 8:2).

3to become or makeinto (Biblical Hebrew 4) Daniel 2:35; Daniel 4:27.

4. a.with reference toEzra 6:8לְמָא דִי, Ezra 7:14 (but read probably ׳וְעַל יְרוּשׁ).

b.belonging toDaniel 5:23לֵהּ, Daniel 7:4,6,7, and in דִּי לֵהּ=hisDaniel 2:20 +; with אִיתַיEzra 4:16; הַשְׁכַּח לְ to find (belonging) toEzra 2:35; Ezra 6:5; Ezra 6:6; Ezra 6:23 (compare Biblical Hebrew מָצָא לְDeuteronomy 22:14 +).

c.as periphrase for thegenitive (Biblical Hebrew 5c) Daniel 7:1׳בִּשְׁנַת חֲדָה לְ, Ezra 5:13; Ezra 6:3,15 (twice in verse); Ezra 5:8,11.

d. of the object or purpose, for (Biblical Hebrew 5g) Daniel 4:9וּמָזוֺן לְכֹלָּאבֵֿהּDaniel 4:27; Daniel 4:33; Daniel 7:22; Ezra 6:9,17; Ezra 7:19,23; on behalf ofEzra 6:10 b.

e.according to (Biblical Hebrew 5i) Ezra 6:17 ... לְמִנְיָןaccording to the number of ...

5 of time, atDaniel 4:26 ... לִקְצָתat the end of..., Daniel 4:31; toDaniel 2:4,44 + לְעָֽלְמִין.

6 with an infinitive (Biblical Hebrew

7), after such verbs asbe able, think, need, agree command, decree, Daniel 2:9,10,12,24; Daniel 3:13,16,19; Daniel 3:32; Daniel 6:4; Daniel 6:5; Daniel 6:8; Daniel 6:24; Ezra 4:21,22; Ezra 5:3 + often;=in order toDaniel 2:13,14; Daniel 3:2,20, so as toDaniel 5:20. With לָא=not to be ...Daniel 6:9; Daniel 6:16 end Ezra 6:8, see לָא. compare the synopsis Lzb^300f.

מ

נ

ס

סַבְּכָא see שַׂבְּכָא.

ע

פ

צ

ק

קבל (√ of following, be in front of).

ר

שׂ

שׁ

ת

Englishman's Concordance (References)

Strong's Hebrew: 8674. Tattenay — 4 Occurrences

Ezra 5:3
HEB:אֲתָ֨א עֲלֵיה֜וֹן תַּ֠תְּנַי פַּחַ֧ת עֲבַֽר־
NAS: At that time Tattenai, the governor
KJV: came to them Tatnai, governor
INT: came them Tattenai the governor beyond

Ezra 5:6
HEB:דִּֽי־ שְׁלַ֞ח תַּתְּנַ֣י ׀ פַּחַ֣ת עֲבַֽר־
NAS: which Tattenai, the governor
KJV: of the letter that Tatnai, governor
INT: which sent Tattenai the governor beyond

Ezra 6:6
HEB: כְּעַ֡ן תַּ֠תְּנַי פַּחַ֨ת עֲבַֽר־
NAS: Now [therefore], Tattenai, governor
KJV: Now [therefore], Tatnai, governor
INT: Now Tattenai governor beyond

Ezra 6:13
HEB: אֱ֠דַיִן תַּתְּנַ֞י פַּחַ֧ת עֲבַֽר־
NAS: Then Tattenai, the governor
KJV: Then Tatnai, governor on this side
INT: Then Tattenai the governor beyond