What is the meaning of epektasis?

Answer

Epektasis is derived from a Greek word found in verses such as Philippians 3:13, where it is translated as “straining toward.” The term implies something that is becoming, striving, or developing. It has alternately been understood as “evolving” or “growing.” Concerning Christian theology, epektasis suggests that genuine joy in Christian living is discovered in the process of growth and development. In other words, it is the transformation we undergo that brings a sense of happiness, not the accomplishment of any specific goal. Specifically, epektasis underscores the necessity for “spiritual transformation” and proposes that this progression will continue endlessly in eternity.

This concept of epektasis is prominent in the writings of Gregory of Nyssa. His work leans towards an ascetic, mystical approach to the faith. Gregory dismissed the more common belief that happiness and perfection are achieved by reaching a goal. Instead, he proposed that since humanity cannot attain the actual perfection of God, purpose and significance are found in advancing towards that standard. Gregory’s spiritual perspective influenced the Eastern Orthodox understanding of theosis.

When applied to Christian faith, the most contentious aspect of epektasis is its implications for man’s spiritual state in eternity. For example, 1 John 3:2 states that when Christ appears, “we shall be like him.” The traditional interpretation of such statements is that believers will instantly achieve spiritual perfection—or at least reach a certain fixed and permanent level of holiness.

Some interpretations of epektasis would suggest the contrary: that although we will undergo significant change when we meet Christ, we will spend eternity “progressing” to become more and more like God, never truly reaching that goal. This version of epektasis, by itself, is not necessarily incorrect. There is much about eternity and heaven that God has not yet revealed.yet revealed to us. The debate over whether we will be “unchanging” or “progressing” in heaven is ultimately a matter of details and definitions.

What’s more concerning is how the concept of epektasis can be applied to earthly spirituality in incorrect ways. While epektasis is not at all the same thing as process theology, clumsy application can invite relativism or inconsistent doctrine. It’s one thing to suggest we’ll spend eternity growing ever closer to God. It’s another to claim that mankind has evolved or progressed to the point that “old” views of sin, salvation, morality, and the Bible can be cast aside. Such “progressive” applications of epektasis are wrong.