What is functional equivalence in Bible translation?

Answer

Functional equivalence, also known as dynamic equivalence, is an approach to Bible translation. It aims to convey the meaning of the original text, even if it involves some rephrasing in the target language. Functional equivalence focuses on natural readability and understanding in the target language rather than strict adherence to the wording of the original text. It is often described as “thought-for-thought” translation. In contrast, formal equivalence emphasizes word-for-word translation, striving to maintain grammar as closely as possible, resulting in a more literal translation.

Every translator faces crucial decisions when translating the Bible from its original languages. Even in the most literal translations, choices must be made when dealing with synonyms and complex sentence structures. Translations that are overly rigid can be difficult to comprehend. For instance, if every single word from Greek were translated into its English equivalent using a dictionary, the New Testament would contain numerous meaningless conjunctions and articles because Koine Greek and English use conjunctions and articles differently.

The issue is not whether interpretive decisions will be made during the translation process, but rather which philosophy guides those decisions.

In the realm of Bible translation, two fundamental philosophies have historically been recognized in major translations:

• Functional equivalence, which aims to convey the original author’s intent without being strictly bound by the syntax and vocabulary of the original language.

• Formal equivalence, which strives to translate the author’s words as closely as possible, preserving grammar and word forms when appropriate.