What is the doctrine of the mean?

Answer

The doctrine of the mean—sometimes known as the golden mean—is a Greek principle commonly linked to Aristotle’s ethical system. Aristotle believed that humans are rational beings, intentionally pursuing specific goals that they consider good. These pursuits aim at Eudaimonia, an Aristotelian concept representing “the good life.”

Central to achieving Eudaimonia is the practice of virtue, which is guided by the doctrine of the mean. Here, mean denotes a middle ground between two extremes. This doctrine teaches that virtue lies between two vices. Living by the golden mean involves residing between the extremes of excess and deficiency.

An illustrative example often used to elucidate the doctrine of the mean is the virtue of courage, which is viewed as a balance between fear and confidence. Excessive confidence may lead to reckless behavior, while excessive fear may result in cowardice. A person who has mastered the virtue of courage is someone who avoids both extremes.

Elements of the golden mean concept can also be identified in religious texts. For instance, Proverbs 30:8–9 states, “Give me neither poverty nor riches, but only my daily bread. Otherwise, I may have too much and deny you and say, ‘Who is the Lord?’ Or I may become poor and steal, and so dishonor the name of my God.” The Christian value of contentment can be seen as achieved by steering clear of the sins of excess and greed.

Certain Christian scholars have also discussed the golden mean in their works. For example, Basil of Caesarea wrote, “The upright in heart have thoughts that are inclined neither to excess nor to deficiency, but are directed towards the mean of virtue.” Thomas Aquinas (who held Aristotle in high regard) stated, “Evil arises from discordance fr

From their rule or measure. This can occur either by exceeding the measure or by falling short of it. Therefore, it is clear that moral virtue observes the mean.”