What are the Psalms of Solomon?

Answer

The Psalms of Solomon is a collection of 18 psalms, likely composed near the time of the Roman invasion of Israel, around 60 BC. Scholars are uncertain as to why this collection is titled with the name of Solomon, who passed away many centuries before its writing. The content is akin to that of Psalm 72, a genuine part of inspired Scripture attributed to Solomon, so the title may serve as a reference rather than a claim of authorship. The Psalms of Solomon are distinct from the Odes of Solomon, a specifically Christian compilation of hymns penned later in the first century AD.

The Psalms of Solomon were written during the intertestamental period and were not regarded as inspired Scripture by either Jews or early Christians. Nevertheless, the collection was likely utilized in worship and religious ceremonies. The themes present in the Psalms of Solomon reflect common beliefs about the Messiah, highlighting a focus on earthly military triumph and deliverance from oppression. This text represents the earliest known use of the phrase “Son of David” as an explicit title for the Messiah.

As a compilation of non-inspired writings, the Psalms of Solomon should not be mistaken for actual Scripture. Nonetheless, similar to other ancient texts, it provides insight into the milieu surrounding Jesus’ earthly ministry. The Psalms of Solomon likely originated from a people who had experienced defeat and oppression. The longing for freedom and liberation in Israel significantly influenced the Messianic hopes of the Jewish community during Jesus’ earthly ministry.