What is consequentialist ethics / consequentialism?

Answer

Consequentialism is a theory of normative ethics that posits an act as morally or ethically acceptable only if it leads to a favorable outcome. This stands in opposition to deontology, which asserts that morality is rooted in duty; virtue ethics, which maintains that morality is grounded in virtuous character; and ethical relativism, which declares that morality is subjective.

Consequentialism is a complex theory that has sparked numerous debates regarding its specifics. One can intend for certain results from their actions, but the actual outcome is often beyond their control. Must every morally upright action culminate in a positive result to be deemed truly “moral”? What if someone valiantly fights for a righteous cause but faces failure in the end? Does the righteousness of the cause and the valor of the effort become void due to an unfavorable outcome?

If morality is contingent on “a favorable consequence,” then the question arises, “What defines ‘favorable’?” Is it preferable to seek pleasure or avoid harm? Which holds more significance, addressing a necessity or catering to a preference? The secular perspective fails to provide a definitive answer.

In an attempt to refine the concept of “good,” philosophers also ponder the query “good for whom?” A leaking roof is a burden for a homeowner but beneficial for the roofer. A college acceptance letter implies another student faced rejection. Is it more beneficial to enhance the well-being of the actor or an onlooker? Or perhaps society as a whole?

Some consequentialists acknowledge that the intentions of the actor may influence the morality of the action. However, the challenge lies in determining who holds the authority to assess whether the intentions were duly considered—the actor themselves? an impartial observer? a legal framework? “Actual” consequentialists dismiss the deliberations of the “near” consequentialists and assert that morality hinges solely on the actual impact;”Almost” only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades.

The Bible speaks of consequentialism, but not by name, and not in the way that secular philosophy considers. The Bible states that people ought to act morally; that is, they should follow God’s law and the guidance of His Spirit in their hearts. The Bible also teaches a specific end result of morality.

Consequentialism in God’s economy comes in the form of telos. Telos means “purpose,” and it underlies all of God’s laws. His Word is not arbitrary. The entire history of mankind is filled with the narrative of God’s intentions for us.

“This book of the law shall not depart from your mouth, but you shall meditate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do according to all that is written in it; for then you will make your way prosperous, and then you will have success” «This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth; but thou shalt meditate therein day and night, that thou mayest observe to do according to all that is written therein: for then thou shalt make thy way prosperous, and then thou shalt have good success. », (Joshua 1:8).

“‘For I know the plans that I have for you,’ declares the LORD, ‘plans for welfare and not for calamity to give you a future and a hope’” «For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, saith the LORD, thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you an expected end. », (Jeremiah 29:11).

“Those who love Your law have great peace, and nothing causes them to stumble” «Great peace have they which love thy law: And nothing shall offend them. », (Psalm 119:165).

Morality does have consequences, and it should guide our decision to engage in moral acts. However, the consequences are not some vague, unknowable, uncontrollable force.

Every circumstance is not merely a syllable of happenstance. God established morality with intent: “Nevertheless the righteous will hold to his way, and he who has clean hands will grow stronger and stronger” «The righteous also shall hold on his way, And he that hath clean hands shall be stronger and stronger. », (Job 17:9).